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    Unit 2: Support and Movement - Topic 2.1: Integument System - Topic 2.2: Skeletal System & Articular System - Topic 2.3: Muscular System

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    Preet Chahal
    The document discusses the integument system including the layers of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the epidermis and dermis layers, the process of keratinization, and the structures found in the dermis. The functions of the integumentary system are protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and secretion.

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    Unit 2: Support and Movement - Topic 2.1: Integument System - Topic 2.2: Skeletal System & Articular System - Topic 2.3: Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Preet Chahal
    23 views25 pages
    The document discusses the integument system including the layers of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the epidermis and dermis layers, the process of keratinization, and the structures found in the dermis. The functions of the integumentary system are protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and secretion.

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    2.1intergument

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    The document discusses the integument system including the layers of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the epidermis and dermis layers, the process of keratinization, and the structures found in the dermis. The functions of the integumentary system are protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and secretion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views25 pages

    Unit 2: Support and Movement - Topic 2.1: Integument System - Topic 2.2: Skeletal System & Articular System - Topic 2.3: Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Preet Chahal
    The document discusses the integument system including the layers of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the epidermis and dermis layers, the process of keratinization, and the structures found in the dermis. The functions of the integumentary system are protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and secretion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Unit 2

    • Unit 2: Support and Movement


    • Topic 2.1: Integument System
    • Topic 2.2: Skeletal System & Articular System
    • Topic 2.3: Muscular System
    Integument System
    Unit 2.1
    Introduction
    •Skin
    • Large waterproof covering
    • UV light and chemical protection
    • Impermeable to carbohydrates, fats &
    proteins
    • Sweating –regulate body temperature
    •Accessory structures
    • Hair, nails, glands
    The Layers of the Skin
    •Epidermis: upper layer
    • Epithelial tissue divided into sublayers
    •Dermis: lower layer
    • Dense connective tissue
    • Connects skin to fat and muscle
    • Below dermis is subcutaneous layer
    called hypodermis
    The Epidermis
    • Outermost/epidermal layer, Stratified,
    squamous, keratinized, epithelium
    • Held together by intercellular links called
    desmosomes
    • Keratinization
    – New cells move to surface, lose water
    change shape & chemical composition
    and nuclei change
    The Epidermis cont’

    • Keratinization produce distinct 5-layers


    called stratum
    1. Stratum corneum( horny and leathery layer)
    2. Stratum lucidum ( clear layer)
    3. Stratum granulosum( granular layer )
    4.Stratum spinosum (spiny and prickly layer)
    5.Stratum germinativum (stratum basale)-
    regenerative layer is innermost & most
    important
    The Epidermis (cont’d.)

    •Stratum corneum – cells with broken


    desmosomes
    •Outermost layer
    •Dead, keratinized cells (e.g. dandruff)
    •Barrier to light, heat, chemicals,
    microorganisms
    The Epidermis (cont’d.)

    •Stratum lucidum
    •One to two cell layers thick
    •Flat and transparent
    •Difficult to see
    The Epidermis (cont’d.)

    •Stratum granulosum
    •Two or three layers
    •Flattened cells
    •Active keratinization
    •Lose nuclei
    •Compact and brittle
    The Epidermis (cont’d.)

    •Stratum spinosum
    •Several layers of spiny-shaped
    cells
    •Desmosomes prevalent
    • Desmosomes: interlocking cellular
    bridges
    The Epidermis (cont’d.)
    •Stratum germinativum
    •Rests on basement membrane
    •Lowermost layer called stratum
    basale
    •New cells produced here (mitosis)
    •Contains melanocytes cells: produce
    melanin – all races
    • Skin color (different amts of melanin)
    • Albinism- absence of melanin
    The Dermis
    •Beneath epidermis- also called corium
    or true skin
    •Dense connective tissue with tough
    collagenous fibers & yellow elastin
    •Structures found in dermis
    • Blood and lymph vessels, Nerves, Muscles,
    Glands, Hair follicles
    The Dermis (cont’d.)
    •2 Divisions
    1. Papillary
    • Adjacent to the epidermis
    2. Reticular
    • Between papillary and subcutaneous
    •Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
    • Layers of fat below the dermis
    •Cyanosis – blue coloration (light
    skinned when suffocated) caused by
    lack of O₂ in blood
    The Accessory Structures of the Skin

    Structures associated with the skin


    include hair, nails, sebaceous glands,
    ceruminous glands (wax glands in
    ear), sweat glands
    Hair

    • Covers most of the surface of the body


    • Three parts:
    • Cuticle-outer most portion with scale-like cells
    • Cortex-principal portion of hair
    • Medulla – middle/central part of hair
    • Shaft: visible portion
    • Root: hair follicle
    • Arrector pili: smooth muscle – may cause goose
    flesh when we get scared
    Hair (cont’d.)

    •Growth
    • Hair follicle produce more cells through
    mitosis
    • Cycles of growth (3yrs) and rest (1-2 yrs)
    •Texture: straight, curly, or tightly curly
    •Color: based on complex genetic
    factors
    Nails

    •Modified epidermal cells


    •Lunula: white crescent
    •Nail Body: visible portion
    •Nail Root: covered by skin
    •Growth occurs from the nail bed
    Sebaceous Glands

    •Produce sebum (oil)


    • Lubricates skin and hair
    • Has antifungal & antibacterial properties
    •Secretion controlled by endocrine
    system
    • Increases at puberty:- acne
    • Decreases in later life: – dry skin
    Sweat Glands

    •Most numerous in palms and soles


    •Not found on margins of the lips or head
    of the penis
    •Each gland has secretory portion and
    excretory duct
    •Sweating helps cool the body
    •Odourless
    Functions of the Integumentary System

    •Sensation
    •Protection
    •Thermoregulation
    •Secretion
    Sensation

    •Temperature receptors
    • Hot and cold
    •Pressure receptors
    • Excessive pressure as pain
    • Mild pressure as pleasurable
    •Combinations produce burning, itching,
    tickling
    Protection

    • Prevents passage of harmful physical and


    chemical agents
    • Melanin protects from UV rays
    • Lipid content inhibits water loss
    • Acid mantle: kills most bacteria
    • Nails protect ends of our digits
    • Hair acts as insulation and filter
    Thermoregulation

    •Normal body temperature: 98.6⁰ F (37⁰)


    •When external temperatures increase
    • Blood vessels dilate
    • Sweat occurs- H₂O evaporates requires
    energy and carries heat away & reduce body
    temp
    •When external temperatures decrease
    • Blood vessels first dilate then constrict
    Secretion
    • Sebum
    • Cosmetic gloss
    • Moisturizer
    • Antifungal/antibacterial properties
    • Sweat
    • Essential in cooling process
    • Vitamin D production – exposure to UV stimulates skins to
    produce precursor molecule for Vit D production
    Summary

    •Discussed the layers of the


    epidermis and the process of
    keratinization
    •Described the structure of the
    dermis
    •Discussed the accessory
    structures of the skin including the
    hair and nails
    •Discussed the different functions of
    the integumentary system

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