INSULATING

MATERIALS
Prepaid by :- slider
 THERMAL INSULATİON
 The instability of supply of traditional energy supplies in the past few years
and the high cost of alternative ones has had one positive effect on the
industrial nations of the world – a realization of the importance of
conservation.

 Heat Transfer: From WARM to COOL

In buildings, where the ideal situation is to have a relatively stable
temperature, two situations arise.
 In winter; energy must be used to maintain a comfortable temperature.
Without proper insulation heat is lost to the colder outside air.
 In summer; temperatures are usually higher outside than inside, the
building interior must be cooled to keep it comfortable. The less
insulation that is used, the greater are the cost for air-conditioning.
 THERMAL PROPERTİES

Thermal Conductivity (k)

 It is the term used to indicate the amount of heat that will pass through a unit of area
of a material at a temperature difference of one degree.
 The lower the “k” value, the better the insulation qualities of the material.

Units; US: (Btu.in) / (h.ft2.oF)

Metric: W / (m.oC)

Conductance (c)
 It indicates the amount of heat that passes through a given thickness of material;
 Conductance= thermal conductivity / thickness

Units; US: Btu / (h.ft2.oF)

Metric: W/ (m2.oC)
Example:
Determination of Thermal Conductivity Coefficient for
Different Wall Systems (TS EN ISO 8990)

1 Cold Chamber
2 Freeze Fan
3 Thermo- Couples (3 unit) [cold chamber]
4 Thermo- couples (9 unit) [Surface]
5 Wall specimen (1.2 x 1.2 m)
6 Thermo- couples (9 unit) [Surface]
7 Hot Chamber
8 Thermo- Couples (3 unit) [hot chamber]
9 Heather Fan
Thermal Resistance (RSI for metric unit, R for US units)
 It is that property of a material that resist the flow of heat
through the material. It is the reciprocal of conductance;
R= 1/c

Thermal Transmittance (U)

 It is the amount of heat that passes through all the materials in
a system. It is the reciprocal of the total resistance;
U= 1/Rt

 Table 1 lists a few of the common materials and their thermal

properties;
TABLE THERMAL PROPERTİES
OF MATERİALS
a
Thermal Resistance Thermal Conductivity
RSI R K (SI) K (US customary)
Brick, clay, 4 in (100 mm) 0.07 0.42 1.43 9.52
Built-up roofing 0.08 0.44
Concrete block, 8 in (200 mm):
Cinder 0.30 1.72 0.67 4.65
Lightweight aggregate 0.35 2.00 0.57 4.00
Glass, clear, ¼ in (6 mm) 0.16 0.91 0.04 0.27
Gypsum sheating, ½ in (12.5 mm) 0.08 0.43 0.16 1.16
Insulation, per 1 in (25 mm):
Fiberboard 0.49 2.80 0.051 0.36
Glass Fiber 0.52 2.95 0.048 0.34
Expanded Polystyrene 0.75 4.23 0.033 0.24
Rigid urethane 1.05 6.00 0.024 0.17
Vermiculite 0.36 2.08 0.069 0.48
Wood shavings 0.42 2.44 0.060 0.41
Moving air 0.03 0.17
Particle board, ½ in (12.5 mm) 0.11 0.62 0.114 0.81
Plywood, softwood, ¾ in (19 mm) 0.17 0.97 0.112 0.77
Stucco, ¾ in (19 mm) 0.02 0.11 0.95 6.82
KİNDS OF THERMAL INSULATİON

All the materials that used to prevent heat losses are known
as thermal insulation. There are 9 basics kinds;
1. Loose fill
2. Blankets
3. Batts
4. Structural insulation board
5. Slab or block insulation
6. Reflective insulation
7. Sprayed-on
8. Foamed-in place
9. Corrugated insulations
KİNDS OF THERMAL INSULATİON
1. Loose Fill
 Usually it is bulky and can be divided into two main types;
 Fibrous
 Granular
 Fibrous type is made from mineral wool, rock, glass or slag wool, or
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
 Granular insulations are made from expanded minerals such as perlite
and vermicullite or from ground vegetable matter such as granulated
cork.

2. Blanket Insulation
 Blanket insulation is made from fibrous material, such as mineral wool,
wood fiber, cotton fiber, or animal hair, manufactured in the form of a
mat.
 Mats are made in various thickness and cut in a variety of widths,
sometimes with a paper cover.
KİNDS OF THERMAL INSULATİON

3. Batts
 They are similar in basic manufacture to blankets, but
they are restricted as to length, usually being 1.2 m or
less. Some are paper covered, some are made without
a cover and fit between framing members by friction
(see Figure 6.1).
FİGURE BATT İNSULATİON
4. Structural Framing Board
 It is made from a variety of substances, such as cane, wood and
mineral fibers. It is used for exterior or interior sheating,
insulating roof decking, roof insulating board, and interior
finishing board.

5. Slab Insulation
 Slab or block insulation is made in rigid units, normally smaller
in area than insulation board, through some of them may be
made from two or more pieces of insulation board cemented
together to make a thick slab.
 It is made also from cork, shredded wood, and cement, mineral
wool with binder, cellular glass, foamed concrete, foamed
plastic, cellular hard rubber, concrete made with “perlite,
vermicullite, expanded clay as aggregate”.
SLAB İNSULATİON
6. Reflective Insulation
 They are composed of metallic or other special
surfaces with or without some type of backing.
 Unlike others, reflective insulations rely on their
surface characteristics, thickness of air space, temperature differences etc. for their
insulating value.

7. Sprayed-On Insulation
 Produced by mixing some fibrous or cellular
material with an adhesive and blowing the
mixture on to the surface to be insulated.
 Areas that are difficult to be insulated are treated
in this manner (shape, location, etc.).

8. Foamed-in Place Insulation

 Made from synthetic liquid resins.
Two ingredients are used which, when mixed,
produce a foam which solidifies to fill the space
into which the mixture was introduced.
9. Corrugated Insulation
 Made from paper, corrugated or cemented into multiple
layers.
 Some types are sprayed with an adhesive which hardens to give the
product extra stiffness, while others are faced with foil to provide extra
insulative values.
 VAPOR INSULATİON

 The dampness that sometimes occurs inside buildings

can be caused by penetration of moisture from the
outside or by condensation of water vapor generated on
the inside.
FİGURE PENETRATİON OF
MOİSTURE THROUGH WALL.
 VAPOR BARRİERS:

 They are materials which effectively retard or stop

the flow of warm, moisture-laden air from inside a
building outward through walls, ceiling, and floors to
the colder, dryer outside atmosphere.
FİGURE VAPOR BARRİER ON WARM SİDE OF WALL
PREVENTS MOİSTURE VAPOR FROM PENETRATİNG WALL.
 VAPOR BARRİERS
 Without a vapor barrier, warm, moist air, flowing outward through
a wall, ceiling or floor could cool to the extend that some of the
vapor would condense out as water and collect within the wall,
etc., to the eventual detriment of the material in the structure.
 Vapor barriers should be installed on the warm side of the
insulation and present a continuous, impervious surface to the
vapor pressure from within the building.
 Materials for vapor barrier include;
 Polyethylene film
 Asphalt coated kraft paper
 Wax coated kraft paper
 Aluminium metal foil sheets
 Paint coatings
 Polyethylene Film: It is chemically inert plastic, unaffected by
acids, alkalis. Produced by rolls. The film may be applied
vertically in strips to stud walls, or sheets wide enough to
cover the wall from top to bottom.
 Aluminium Foil: Used as a vapor barrier in several forms.
One is the foil as a single sheet. Another is a thin layer of foil
laminated to a heavy backing of asphalt impregnated kraft
paper. Still another consists of two layers of foil laminated
with asphalt cement.
 Coated Craft Paper: Kraft paper coated with asphalt or wax
also acts as a vapor barrier. Sometimes two layers of paper are
cemented with a continuous layer of asphalt. Whatever the
material used, the same rule applies: the application should be
continuous.
  Polyethylene Film

Aluminium Foil

Coated Craft Paper

Paint Coatings
(Vapor Barrier Paint)

In situations where it is desirable to insulate an existing building

but it is not possible to install a conventional vapor barrier at
the same time, it is possible to use a vapor barrier paint on
the inner surfaces.

Paint coatings include rubber emulsion, aluminium paint, or two

coats of white lead and linseed oil.

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 MOİSTURE BARRİERS
These are the materials which are used to prevent the entrance of moisture
into a building from the outside or from the earth below.

Saturated felt papers:

 Such paper will shed water but will not prevent any moisture vapor
which does reach the interior of a wall from escaping to the outside.

 Moisture from the earth can enter a building through a concrete slab;
when it reaches the warm inner surface it evaporates and becomes
water vapor.
 To prevent this, a moisture barrier should be laid between the earth and
the concrete.
 POLYETHYLENE FILM is an excellent material for this purpose.
FİGURE ISOLATİON WİTH
POLYETHYLENE FİLM.
 If wire mesh reinforcement is used, it is laid over the
film before the slab is poured.

 In any case, great care must be taken to see that, the

barrier is not broken during the preparation for the
concrete pour.
 ACOUSTİCAL MATERİALS
Sound control is necessary in order to;
 Improving hearing conditions and reduce unwanted noise in any given
room
 To control the transmission of sound from one room to another through
walls, floors, and ceilings.

Sound Mechanics:
 Sound travels through the air as waves, in the form of small pressure
changes occuring regularly above and below the normal atmospheric
pressure.
 The average variation in pressure in a sound wave, above and below the
normal, is called SOUND PRESSURE. It is related to the loudness of a
sound.
 The loudness or strength of a sound – its intensity is measured in
DECIBELS (dB).

 Table 10.1 charts the decibal levels of a number of common sounds.

TABLE DECİBEL LEVELS OF COMMON SOUNDS
Decibels Sound Effect
120 Thunder, artillery
110 Nearby riveter
Defeaning
Elevated train
Boiler factory
100
Loud street noise
Noisy factory
90 Very loud
Truck (unmuffled)
Police siren
80
Noisy office
Average street
70 noise Loud
Average radio
Average factory
60
Noisy home
Average office
50 Average Moderate
conversation
Quiet radio
40
Quiet home
Private office
30 Average Faint
auditorium
Quiet conversation
20
Rustle of leaves
Whisper
10
Soundproof room Very faint
Threshold of
audibility
0
 SOUND CONTROL
 The fraction of sound energy absorbed by a material at a specific
frequency, during each sound wave reflection, is called the SOUND
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT of that surface.
 Most sounds contain a range of frequencies, it is necessary to use an
average of the absorption coefficient when considering sound
absorption.
 To obtain that average, it has been customary to average four (4)
coefficient from 250 to 2000 Hz inclusive and call the result the
NOISE-REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC), which is expressed
as a percentage.
 For example glass, concrete and masonry would have an NRC
rating of 0.05 or less. Some other materials might have a rating of
0.90 or better.
 SOUND CONTROL
Acoustical materials can be classified into 3 groups:
 Acoustical tiles
 Assembled accoustical units
 Sprayed-on accoustical materials

Acoustıcal Tiles
 They are made from wood, cane, or asbestos fibers, matted and bonded into
sheets of various thickness (5-32 mm).

 The sheets are cut into tiles of several sizes. Edges may be square cut, or
tongue-and-grooved.

 These tiles are intended primarily for ceiling applications.

 They can be applied to solid surfaces with adhesives, nailed to strips attached to
a ceiling frame or underside of a solid deck or installed in a suspended ceiling
frame.
FİGURE ACOUSTİCAL CEİLİNG TİLE
APPLİCATİON.
FİGURE 6.6 ACOUSTİCAL TİLE İN SUSPENDED
CEİLİNG.
 A great variety of designs, colors, and patterns are
available.
 The acoustic openings in the surface of the tile in themselves provide
many different designs.

 The openings may be holes drilled in uniform or random

patterns or a combination of large drilled holes and tiny
punched ones (Figure 6.7).
FİGURE ACOUSTİCAL TİLE HOLE
PATTERN.
 The openings may be slots, striations or fissures or the
surface of the tile may be sculptured in various patterns.
FİGURE ACOUSTİCAL TİLE
SURFACE PATTERNS.
 rockwool
 They are made of several types of minerals which are fused together at high
temperature and dispersed into organic fiber by a centrifugal force spin
process.
 Fire safety
 Easy to handle and apply
 Thermal, acoustic insulation

Assembled Units
 Assembled units usually consist of some type of sound-absorbing material
such as a rock-wool or glass-fiber blanket fastened to an acoustically
transparen facing.
 This facing is generally some type of rigid board, such as hardboard or
asbestos board, or a metal sheet.
 The faces are perforated to allow the penetration of sound waves (Figure
6.10).
FİGURE ASSEMBLED UNİTS.
 Sprayed-On Acoustical Materials
Two type of material are used for this kind of sound control
application.
 Plaster made with vermiculite or perlite aggregate.
 Coating of a mineral fiber mixed with an adhesive.

 Vermiculite acoustic plaster is generally premixed product,

requiring only the addition of approximately 46 lt. of water
per bag of mix.
 This plaster can be applied by hand or by machine spraying
and will bond to any clean, firm, water-resistant surface
such as base plaster, concrete or steel.
 Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of vermiculite= 65%
Perlite acoustical plaster is usually mixed on the job, using calcined gypsum
as the binder.

It can be applied by hand or by machine. Sound reduction properties of

perlite plaster are approximately same as those of vermiculite.
Mineral fibers
Acoustical treatment with mineral fiber involves the use of specially
prepared mineral wool or asbestos fibers and an adhesive to hold them to the
surface (in most areas, there are stringent safety requirements which place
restrictions on the use of such materials as asbestos fiber containing toxic
dusts).
NRC= 0.85-0.90
SPRAYED-ON ACOUSTİCAL MATERİAL
6. Insulating Materials
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