WELCOME

TO
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
PRESENTATION
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

AIM OF THE PRESENTATION

 To understand Waste Water Treatment Process in general & its
application to KURIEMAT Power Plant Station II- 750 MW Combined
Cycle Project.

 OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENTATION

To apply the process concepts to treatment plant design & daily plant
operation to ensure strict to Treated Water Quality Requirements.

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INTRODUCTION TO WASTE WATER TREATMENT :
 DEFINATION

Water which is generated as a by-product from

process unit operation having constituents which can
cause harmful & hazardous effect to human, animal,
plants, aquatic & microbial life / different life forms on
the earth.

 WHEN DO WE CALL A CONSTITUENT / COMPOUND AS

POLLUTANT ?
 Presence of which in exceeding conc. can lead to toxic
effect. i.e. beyond / above Toxic Threshold Limits
(TTL).
 VARIOUS TYPES OF POLLUTANTS PRESENT
• Suspended Solid
• Colloidal Solids
• Inorganic & Organic Salts
• Organic compounds (Solvents, Pesticides, Insecticides, Herbicids, volatile
compounds etc.
• Oil & Grease
• Ammonia
• Phosphate
• Heavy Metals
• Cyanide
• Refractory substances resistant to biodegradation. e.g. ABS (Alkyl Benzene
Sulfonate)
• Pathogens
• Colour
PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION

 Environmental Impact Assessment studies to be

carried out.

 Study processes which generate waste water.

 Study the input raw material & compounds .

 Expected in by-product /waste water.

 Assessment of quantity of waste water

generated from various sources.
 PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION-Cont.

 Measurement / Analysis of various pollutants.

 Production 100% expected date/time from the time
of starting of main plant.
 Any future expansion plan.
 Area allocated for waste management.
 Treated waste water & sludge disposal facility or point
of discharge.
 Monitoring system.
 Risk Management.
 Occupational Health & Hazards
STAGES OF TREATMENT
STAGE 1 Primary Treatment
• Physico-Chemical Treatment Processes only

STAGE 2 Secondary Treatment

• Mainly Biological Treatment or in combination
with Physico-Chemical Treatment

STAGE 3 Tertiary Treatment

• Mainly includes disinfection, filtration,
chemical oxidation, recovery /recycling systems
for reuse
STAGE 4 Sludge Treatment
• Involving natural or mechanically forced
dewatering or drying processes
• Landfill / composting / Incineration etc.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRIMARY TREATMENT

PROCESS APPLICATION

Screening Removal of coarse suspended solids

Grit Removal Removal of gritty material

Fat Traps Removal of free oil & grease

Flow Balancing To check diurnal fluctuation in hydraulic &

pollutant loading
Primary Clarification For removal of suspended solids
Oil Separation For removal of free & emulsified oil
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRIMARY TREATMENT – CONTD.

PROCESS APPLICATION

pH Correction Neutralisation or pH adjustment to enhance

oxidation / precipitation and or coagulation
process
Flash Mixing & To enhance coagulation & flocculation of
Flocculation suspended solids, oil globules
Heating / Cooling To make water suitable for down stream
treatment or discharge
Odour Control To remove odour producing gases.
Stripping For VOC, H2S, Ammonia, Cyanide removal
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT

Aerobic Process
 Generally for BOD conc. below 2500 mg/l.
 Suspended & attached growth processes.
 Can handle shock loads.
 Nutrient removal (N & P).
 No foul odour.
 High operating cost.
 BOD/COD removal efficiencies vary between 50-95%.
depending upon the process applied.
 High quantity of sludge production compared to anaerobic
process.

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 Anoxic Process
 Generally applied for removal of nitrogen i.e. Denitrification.
 Suspended & attached growth processes.
 Requires external source of carbon to carry out denitrification.
 Low power requirements.
 Application for domestic sewage or waste waters containing high concentration of nitrogen.
 Anaerobic Process

 Generally for high BOD conc. > 2500 mg/l or for high
flow, low strength waste water /sewage streams.
 Suspended & attached growth processes.
 Highly sensitive to shock loads or change in process
parameters.
 Low nutrient removal.
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
Anaerobic Process

 Generates Methane, Hydrogen Sulphide gas which

discharged to atmosphere can lead to foul odour.
 Energy recovery possible offering payback.
 Low operating cost.
 BOD/ COD removal efficiencies vary between 40-90%
depending upon type of waste & process applied.
 Low quantity of sludge production with good dewatering
characteristics.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

Facultative Growth
 Generally applied for low BOD/COD conc. waste waters.
 High foot print area required.
 Nutrient removal (N& P).
 Can handle shock load.
 Can produce foul odour sometimes.
 Low operating cost.
 BOD /COD removal efficiencies vary between 40-80%
depending upon type of waste & process applied.
 Sludge digestion in the anaerobic zone of the lagoon / pond.
 Used generally as maturation ponds.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

COMBINATION OF AEROBIC & PHYSICO CHEMICAL TREATMENT

 For removal of refractory organics.

 Adsorption of organics by Activated Carbon using PACT
Process.
 For Antifoaming.
 Off gas Treatment.
 High Operating Cost.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TERTIARY TREATMENT

Process Application
Chlorination / For destruction of pathogen &
Ozonation / UV chemical oxidation of organic matter
Filtration (Media, U/F, For removal of suspended solids, oil
Micro, Nano) & organics
Reverse Osmosis Recovery of water for reuse

Evaporation To reduce volume / zero discharge

Post Aeration To increase the dissolved oxygen

conc. is treated waste water before
discharge to river/ sea.
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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
SLUDGE TREATMENT

PROCESS APPLICATION
Thickeners For concentration of sludge

Dewatering Units For thickening & dewatering of sludge

Sludge Drying Beds For dewatering & drying of sludge

Landfill For energy recovery or dumping of concentrated

sludge
Composting To reduce the sludge quantity & convert into
fertilizer / manure value
Incineration Destruction of sludge / volume reduction or heat
generation / recovery

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT & ITS
APPLICATION

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Screens √
Grit Removal √
Grease Traps √
Clarifiers √ √ √
Lamella Separators √ √ √
Dissolved Air Flotation √ √
Induced Air Flotation √ √
API Separator √ √ √

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Aeration Systems √ √ √
Mixing Systems √ √ √
Electro Coagulation √ √ √
– ElectroDestruction
Trickling Filters / √ √
Biotowers
Lagoons (Aerobic / √ √
Anaerobic /
Facultative)

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Membrane √
Bioreactors
Anaerobic Filter / √
Digester
Fixed Bed Biological √
Reactors

Moving Bed Biological √

Reactors

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Anoxic Systems √

Strippers √ √ √

Odour Control Units √ √

Media Filters √

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Ultra Filtration √ √

Micro Filtration √

Nano Filtration √

Reverse Osmosis √

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Electro Deionization √

Filter Press √ √

Belt Press √ √

Thickeners √ √

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

EQUIPMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

Centrifuge √ √

Evaporators √

Spray Dryers √

VOC Incinerators √ √

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

TYPICAL POWER PLANT WASTE WATER GENERATION SOURCES

 Sanitary Waste Water.

 Waste Water from Water Treatment Plant.
 Cooling Tower Blowdown.
 Cleaning in Process.
 Boiler Blowdown (Heat Recovery Steam Generator & Auxiliary
Boiler).
 Transformer Area Drain.
 Fuel Oil Tank Drain.
 Equipment Drain.
 Condensate Blowdown.
 Deaerator .

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
APPROACH TO PLANT DESIGN

 Identification of waste water generating stream.

 Quantification & qualification (analysis) of waste water.
 Segregation.
 Study of flow / waste generation pattern.
 Provide sufficient hold up time for flow balancing & peak flow
handling.
 Determine the treated water quality requirement.
 Design a system to treat the waste water & meet the discharge
standards.
 Automation level requirements.
 Monitoring.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPICAL POLLUTANTS IN POWER PLANT WASTE WATER

WASTE STREAM POLLUTANTS

Sanitary TSS, Organics, Nitrogen, Oil &

Grease, Phosphate
Transformer Area, Fuel Oil, Turbine Oil & Grease, TSS
Drain
CIP pH, TSS

Water Treatment Plants pH, TSS

Boiler & Cooling Tower Blow Down pH

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES EMPLOYED FOR POWER
PLANT WASTE WATER

Sanitary Waste Water Biological

Disinfection
Treatment

Oily Waste Water

Oil Water Separation Unit

Chemical Waste pH Correction Solid

Water Separation

Other non
Solid
Polluting Waste Filtration
Collection Separation
Water (If required ) (If required)
Sludge Thickening
Dewatering Unit Sludge Disposal
Sludge (If required) Drying Beds

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT

CLARIFIER

Type : High Rate Solid Contact Type

Flowrate : 60 m3/hr each
Nos. : 2 Nos. (1 duty / 1 standby)
Total flow : 60 m3/hr
Inlet TSS : 200 mg/l
Sludge Qty : 15 kg/hr (max.) on dry solid basis
Sludge
Concentration : 1%
Sludge Production : 1.5 m3/hr

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPES OF SETTLING PHENOMENA

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Discrete Particle Sedimentation of particles in suspension of low solid

concentration. Particles settle as individual entities.
No significant interaction with neighboring particles.
Flocculant Dilute suspension of particles that coalesce or
flocculate. The particles increase in mass and settle
at a faster rate.
Hindered /Zone Suspensions of intermediate concentration, in which
inter particle forces are sufficient to hinder the settling
of neighboring particle.
Compression Particles are of high concentration that a structure is
formed & further settling can occur only by
compression of the structure.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
SETTLING REGIONS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE

 CLEAR WATER REGION

 DISCRETE SETTLING REGION

 FLOCCULANT SETTLING REGION

 HINDERED (ZONE) SETTLING REGION

 COMPRESSION REGION

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
FEATURES OF HIGH RATE SOLID CONTACT CLARIFIER

 Advanced type of clarification unit.

 Suitable for low inlet solid application.
 Low TSS at the outlet of clarifier.
 Internal sludge recirculation.
 Built in flocculation zone.
 Low chemical consumption.
 High surface loading (1.8-2.4 m/hr).
 Less foot print area.
 High sludge consistency.

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
FILTRATION SYSTEM

Type : Gravity Sand Filter

Flowrate : 60 m3/hr each
Nos. : 2 Nos. (1duty/1standby)
Nos. of cells each filter : 2 Nos.
Filtration rate : 5.0 m/hr
Area of each filter : 12 m2
Area of each cell : 6 m2
Backwash rate : 30 m/hr (Typical 24-36 m/hr)
Air scour rate : 50 m/hr (Typical 40-60 m/hr)
Type of media : Anthracite / Sand
Media depth : 300/200

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
FILTRATION PHENOMENA

 Surface Filtration
 Depth Filtration

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPES OF FILTRATION MECHANISM OPERATION PHENOMENA

TYPE DESCRIPTION
Straining Particles larger than the pore spaces of the
Mechanical filtering medium are strained out
mechanically.
Chance Contact Particles smaller than pore space are trapped
within the filter by chance of contact.
Sedimentation Particles settle on the filtering medium within
the filter
Impaction Heavy particles will not follow the flow stream
lines

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPES OF FILTRATION MECHANISM OPERATION PHENOMENA

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Interception Particles moving along in the stream line are

removed when they come in contact with the
surface of filtering medium.

Adhesion Flocculant particle attach to the surface of

filtering medium

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
TYPES OF SETTLING PHENOMENA

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Adsorption Physical or chemical. Particles when in contact

with filtering media are removed by either
process.

Flocculation Large particles overtake smaller particles to

form large particles (flocculations) & are
removed in filtering medium.

Biological growth Biological growth within filter will reduce the pore
volume & may enhance the removal of particles

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 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – KURIEMAT
FEATURES OF GRAVITY FILTER

 Removal of suspended solids upto 5 microns.

 Backwash water requirement depends upon media size, media
depth, temperature of backwash water.
 Garnet of 0.2-0.6 mm size can remove suspended solids upto 1
micron.
 Anthracite can remove oil.
 Head loss depends upon filtration rate. High filtration rate leads
to higher pressure loss through bed.
 Particle Removal Efficiency.
20 micron : 99%
10 micron : 98%
5 micron : 90%
 Treated water can be reused for secondary purpose.
 Pretreatment to RO plants.

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