Unit-2

Machine Design
Riveted Joints

Riveting methods, materials, Types of rivet heads, Types of riveted

joints, Caulking and Fullering, Failure of riveted joint, Efficiency of

riveted joint, Design of boiler joints, Eccentric loaded riveted joint

Riveted Joints
• The joints used in mechanical assemblies are classified into two groups—
permanent and separable.

• Permanent joints are those joints which cannot be disassembled without damaging
the assembled parts.

• Riveted and welded joints are permanent joints.

• Separable joints are those joints which permit disassembly and reassembly without
damaging the assembled parts.

• Bolted joints, cotter joints an splined connections are the examples of separable
joints.
Riveted Joints
• In the past, riveted joints were widely used for making permanent joints in
engineering applications like boilers, pressure vessels, reservoirs, ships,
trusses, frames and cranes.
• During the last few decades, rapid development of welding technology has
considerably reduced the sphere of applications of riveted joints.
• Today, riveted joints have almost been replaced by welded joints.
• A rivet consists of a cylindrical shank with a head at one end.
• This head is formed on the shank by an upsetting process in a machine
called an automatic header.
• The rivet is inserted in the holes of the parts being assembled, and the head
is firmly held against the back up bar.
Riveted Joints
In the riveting, process, the protruding end of the shank is upset by hammer blows to form the
closing head. In rivet terminology, the closing head is called the point. The head, shank and point
are three main parts of the rivet.
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
A rivet is specified by the shank diameter of the rivet, e.g., a 20 mm rivet means a rivet having
20 mm as the shank diameter. The standard sizes of rivets are 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30,
33,36, 39, 42 and 48 mm.
In hot riveting, the end of the rivet shank is heated to about 1000° to 1100°C till it becomes
bright red and then the blows are applied by a hammer. In cold riveting, there is no such
heating.
Riveted Joints

 Cold riveting does not hold the connecting elements together with as great a force as is
developed in hot riveting. Therefore, hot riveting is recommended for fluid tight joints in
pressure vessels.

 In hot riveting, the shank of the rivet is subjected to tensile stress. In cold riveting, the shank
is mainly subjected to shear stress.

 Cold riveting is applicable for steel rivets up to 8 to 10 mm diameter and rivets made of non-
ferrous metals like brass, copper and aluminium alloys. Hot riveting is carried out for steel
rivets with diameters more than 10 mm.

 In riveted structures, there are two methods to make holes in the plates—punching and
drilling.
Riveted Joints

 Traditional mechanical structures involving riveted joints are classified into the following
three groups:
(i) boilers, pressure vessels and tanks;
(ii) bridges, trusses, cranes and machinery in general; and
(iii) hulls of ships.

 Fluid tightness is a desirable property of the joints in boilers, pressure vessels and ships.

 Strength and rigidity are desirable characteristics of joints in bridges, trusses and cranes.

 The joints in these applications are subjected to external load and strength is necessary to
prevent failure of the joint.

 In application of a ship hull, strength, rigidity, durability and leak proofness are important
criteria.
Types of rivet heads
Types of rivet heads
Depending upon the application, there is slight variation in proportions of rivet heads. There
are various standards which give dimensions of various types of rivets.
The desirable properties of rivets are as follows:
(i) The rivet should be sound, free from cracks, flaws, burrs, seams, pits and other defects.
(ii) The head of rivet should be concentric with the axis of the shank.
(iii) The end of rivet should be square with respect to the axis.
length of rivet shank is given by,
Types of riveted joints
 Riveted joints used for joining the plates are classified into two groups—lap joint and butt joint.
 Lap joint consists of two overlapping plates, which are held together by one or more rows of rivets.
 Depending upon the number of rows, the lap joints are further classified into single-riveted lap
joint, double-riveted lap joint or triple riveted lap joint.
 In double or triple riveted lap joints, the rivets can be arranged in chain pattern or zig-zag pattern
Types of riveted joints
 Riveted joints used for joining the plates are classified into two groups—lap joint and butt joint.
 Lap joint consists of two overlapping plates, which are held together by one or more rows of rivets.
 Depending upon the number of rows, the lap joints are further classified into single-riveted lap
joint, double-riveted lap joint or triple riveted lap joint.
 In double or triple riveted lap joints, the rivets can be arranged in chain pattern or zig-zag pattern
Terminology of riveted joints:
Terminology of riveted joints:
Bending moment in riveted lap joints:
construction of riveted butt joints:
construction of riveted butt joints:
construction of riveted butt joints:

 The line of action of the force acting on two plates, joined by butt joint, lies in the same
plane.

 Therefore, there is no bending moment on the joint and no warping of the plates.

 This is the main advantage of butt joint compared with lap joint.

 The disadvantage of butt joint is the requirement of additional strap plates, which
increases cost.

 Therefore, butt joint is costly compared with lap joint.

construction of riveted butt joints:
Rivet materials

 Rivets used in corrosive atmosphere are made of stainless steel.

 Rivets used for connecting non-ferrous metals and soft materials are made of
copper, brass, bronze and aluminium alloys.
 Structural joints made of aluminium alloy sections employ duralumin rivets.
 When metal for the parts being joined and rivet metal have different
electrochemical potentials, they form galvanic pairs and accelerate the corrosion
process.
 Therefore, many times rivets are made of the same material as the parts being
joined.
Rivet materials
Types of failure
Strength equations
The strength of riveted joint is defined as the force that the joint can withstand without causing
failure.
Strength equations
The strength of riveted joint is defined as the force that the joint can withstand without causing
failure.
Strength equations
The strength of riveted joint is defined as the force that the joint can withstand without causing
failure.
Strength equations
Strength equations
Efficiency of joint
Caulking and fullering
 In applications like pressure vessels and boilers, the riveted joint should be leakproof
and Fluid tight.
 Caulking and fullering processes are used to obtain such leakproof riveted joints.
 The caulking process is applied to the edges of plates in a lap joint and the edges of
strap plate in a butt joint.
 These edges are first beveled to approximately 70° to 75° and the caulking tool is
hammered on the edge.
 The caulking is done either by hand hammer or by the use of pneumatic or hydraulic
hammer.
 The head of the rivet is also hammered down with the caulking tool.
 The blows of caulking tool closes the surface asperities and cracks on the contacting
surfaces between two plates and also between the rivet and the plates, resulting in
leakproof joint.
 Great care must be exercised to prevent injury to the plate, otherwise caulking will
result in opening of the joint instead of closing it.
 Caulking cannot be applied to plates with less than 6 mm thickness.
Caulking and fullering
 Fullering, is similar to the caulking process except for the shape of the tool.
 The width of the fullering tool is equal to the thickness of the plate being hammered.
 The blows of the fullering tool result in simultaneous pressure on the entire edge of the
plate.
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints (Calculation for number of rivets)
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
 There are two types of riveted joints in a cylindrical boiler shell. They are called
longitudinal butt joint and circumferential lap joint.
 The plate of the boiler shell is bent to form the ring and the two edges of the plate are
joined by a longitudinal butt joint.
 This longitudinal joint is usually a double-strap triple riveted butt joint.
 The longitudinal joint makes a ring from the steel plate.
 The circumferential joint is used to get the required length of the boiler shell by
connecting one ring to another.
 For this purpose, one ring is kept overlapping over the adjacent ring and the two rings are
joined by a circumferential lap joint.
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
 Boilers and pressure vessels are cylindrical vessels. They are subjected to circumferential
and longitudinal tensile stresses.
 It can be proved that circumferential stress is twice the longitudinal stress. Therefore, the
longitudinal joint should be stronger than the circumferential joint and butt joint is used
for the longitudinal joint.
 Boiler joints are subjected to steam pressure.
 They should withstand the steam pressure and also prevent leakage.
 Hence, great care must be exercised in their design and a high standard of workmanship
should be provided in their manufacture.
 Further, the boiler shells are subjected to close inspection, which must conform to the
Indian Boiler Regulation Act.
 Most steam boilers are designed, manufactured and afterwards tested according to this
act. Indian Boiler Regulations are highly exacting and mandatory.
 At present, in a number of boiler applications, riveted joints are replaced by welded
joints.
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
 The following procedure is adopted for the design of a longitudinal butt joint for the
boiler shell.
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
 The following procedure is adopted for the design of a longitudinal butt joint for the
boiler shell.
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
 The following procedure is adopted for the design of a longitudinal butt joint for the
boiler shell.
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
Longitudinal butt joint for boiler shell
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAP JOINT FOR BOILER SHELL
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED RIVETED JOINT