Physics 114C - Mechanics

Review for Final Exam

(Walker: Chapters 1-13,
Emphasizing 12 & 13)
December
December 5,
5, 2008
2008

John G. Cramer
Professor of Physics
B451 PAB
cramer@phys.washington.edu

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 1/29

 Physics 114C Course Evaluation
 Today we will start with a Physics 114C Course Evaluation, which will take
15 minutes. You are to rate the quality of the Lecture part of Physics
114 only, (not the Lab). Your participation is voluntary, and you may omit
specific items if you wish. To insure confidentiality, do not write your
name on the forms. Use ONLY A #2 PENCIL on the scannable forms. If
you need a #2 pencil, raise your hand, and one will be provided.
 There is a remote possibility that your handwriting on the yellow sheets
could be recognizable. However, this should not be of concern. I will not
receive these results until after the quarter is over, and you have already
received your course grades.
 I have selected several monitors to distribute and collect the forms. They
will place the completed forms and extras in an envelope and return it to
the Office of Educational Assessment. I will leave the room and return in
15 minutes, at 2:45 PM, after the questionnaires have been completed and
collected.
 I think we have had a good and productive quarter. Thanks for your
participation!

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 John Cramer 2/29

 Announcements
 Homework Assignment 9 (the last one!) is due at 11:59 PM on
Saturday, December 6. Homework up to 24 hours late will
receive 70% credit. Also, complete the Course Survey on
Tycho by December 11.
 There are now 153/159 clicker registrations. For clicker
credit, you must register your clicker by the end of the
quarter, if you have not already done so.
 Check Tycho for your Exam 3 grades. If any of them are
missing (or have an underline in place of a number), see Susan
Hong (room C136 PAB) immediately to identify your paper and
get credit for your work.

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 3/29

 The Physics 114C Final Exam
 On Tuesday, December 9, we will have the Final Exam,
covering Chapters 1 through 13 of Walker. It will be a 100
point exam similar to previous ones, with 60 pts of multiple
choice questions, a 20 pt free-response question based on
Tycho homework, and 20 pts of free-response qualitative
questions. You may bring 3 note sheets to the Final.
 If you have successfully taken Exams 1-3 and are satisfied
with your grades, the Final is optional (see the Physics
114C Syllabus for details). I have posted preliminary
course grades on Tycho under “Lecture Score 1”.
 Final Physics 114C course grade is based 75% on exams and
25% on homework, plus clicker add-ons.
 The new seat assignments for the Final are now on Tycho.
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 4/29
 Lecture Schedule (Part 4)

Physics 114C - Introduction to Mechanics

Lecture: Professor John G. Cramer
Textbook: Physics, Vol. 1 (UW Edition), James S. Walker
Week Date L# Lecture Topic Pages Slides Reading HW Due Lab
24-Nov-08 R3 Review & Extension -      
25-Nov-08 E3 EXAM 3 - Chapters 10-12.3   Rotational Motion,
10 27-Nov-08 H2   Mom.of Inertia
Thanksgiving Holidays
28-Nov-08 H3  

1-Dec-08 30 Gravitational Energy 10 29 12-4 to 12-6

2-Dec-08 31 Oscillations I 14  30 13-1 to 13-4
11 4-Dec-08 32 Oscillations II 12 32 13-5 to 13-8
Make-up labs

5-Dec-08 R4 Review & Extension -   Walker 1-13 HW9

  9-Dec-08 FE Final Examination, 2:30 - 4:20 PM, Tuesday, December 9 (Comprehensive)

We are here.

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 5/29

 Chapter 12
Gravity

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 6/29

 Units of Chapter 12
1. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
2. Gravitational Attraction of Spherical
Bodies
3. Kepler’s Laws of Orbital Motion
4. Gravitational Potential Energy
5. Energy Conservation
6. Tides
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 7/29
 Summary of Chapter 12
 Force of gravity between two point masses:

 G is the universal gravitational constant:

 In calculating gravitational forces,

spherically symmetric bodies can be replaced
by point masses.

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 8/29

 Summary of Chapter 12
 Acceleration of gravity:

 Mass of the Earth:

 Kepler’s Laws:
1. Planetary orbits are ellipses, Sun at one
focus.
2. Planets sweep out equal area in equal time.
3. Square of orbital period is proportional to
cube of distance from Sun.
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 9/29
 Summary of Chapter 12
 Orbital period:

 Gravitational potential energy:

 U is a scalar, and it goes to zero as the

masses become infinitely far apart
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 10/29
 Summary of Chapter 12
 Total mechanical energy E:

 Escape speed ve:

 Tidal forces are due to the variations in

gravitational force across an extended body

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 11/29

 Example: Falling to Earth
What is the acceleration
due to gravity of an object at
the altitude of the space
shuttle’s orbit, about 400 km
above the Earth’s surface?

r  RE  h  (6370 km)  (400 km)  6770 km

Fg GmM E GM E
a  / m 
m r2 r2
(6.67 1011 m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 10 24 kg)
  8.70 m/s 2
(6.77 10 m)
6 2

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 12/29

 Example:
The Orbiting Space Station
You are trying to view the International Space
Station (ISS), which travels in a roughly circular
orbit about the Earth.
If its altitude is 385 km above the Earth’s
surface, how long do you have to wait between
sightings?
2 r
2 r  vT  v
T
M E m mv 2 GM E 4 2 r 2
Fg  G 2   
r r r T2
4 2 3 r3 ( RE  h)3
T r  2  2
GM E GM E GM E

(6375 km  385 km)3

T  2  5,528 s=92.1 min
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 10 24 kg)
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 13/29
 Example:
The Orbiting Space Station
You are trying to view the International Space
Station (ISS), which travels in a roughly circular
orbit about the Earth.
If its altitude is 385 km above the Earth’s
surface, how long do you have to wait between
sightings?
2 r
2 r  vT  v
T
M E m mv 2 GM E 4 2 r 2
Fg  G 2   
r r r T2
4 2 3 r3 ( RE  h)3
T r  2  2
GM E GM E GM E

(6375 km  385 km)3

T  2  5,528 s=92.1 min
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 10 24 kg)
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 14/29
 Example:
The Total Energy of a Satellite
Show that the total energy of a satellite in a circular orbit around the
Earth is half of its gravitational potential energy.

1 2 GM E m
E  K U  mv 
2 r
GM E m mv 2 GM E
2
  v 
2

r r r
1 GM E GM E m GM E m
E m  
2 r r 2r
GM E m
U  Although derived for this particular case, this is a
r
general result, and is called the Virial Theorem. The
E  2U
1
factor of ½ is a consequence of the inverse square law.

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 15/29

 Chapter 13
Oscillations about
Equilibrium

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 16/29

 Units of Chapter 13
1. Periodic Motion
2. Simple Harmonic Motion
3. Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
4. The Period of a Mass on a Spring
5. Energy Conservation in Oscillatory
Motion
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 17/29
 Units of Chapter 13
6. The Pendulum
7. Damped Oscillations
8. Driven Oscillations and Resonance

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 18/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 Period T: time required for a motion to go
through a complete cycle
 Frequency f: number of oscillations per unit time
 Angular frequency :

 Simple harmonic motion (SHM) occurs when the

restoring force is proportional to the displacement
from equilibrium (Hooke’s Law).

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 19/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 The amplitude A is the maximum displacement
from equilibrium.
 Position as a function of time:

 Velocity as a function of time:

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 20/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 Acceleration a as a function of time:

 Period T of a mass on a spring:

 Total energy E in simple harmonic motion:

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 21/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 Potential energy U as a function of time:

 Kinetic energy K as a function of time:

 A simple pendulum with small amplitude

exhibits simple harmonic motion

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 22/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 Period of a simple pendulum:

 Period of a physical pendulum:

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 23/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 Oscillations where there is a nonconservative
force are called damped.
 Underdamped: the amplitude decreases
exponentially with time:

 Critically damped: no oscillations; system

relaxes back to equilibrium in minimum time
 Overdamped: also no oscillations, but slower
than critical damping

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 24/29

 Summary of Chapter 13
 An oscillating system may be driven by an
external force
 This force may replace energy lost to friction,
or may cause the amplitude to increase greatly at
resonance
 Resonance occurs when the driving frequency is
equal to the natural frequency of the system

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 25/29

 Example: A Block on a Spring
A 2.00 kg block is attached to a spring as shown.
The force constant of the spring is k = 196 N/m.
The block is held a distance of 5.00 cm from
equilibrium and released at t = 0.
(a) Find the angular frequency , the frequency f, and the period T.
(b) Write an equation for x vs. time.

k (196 N/m)  (9.90 rad/s)

   9.90 rad/s f    1.58 Hz
m (2.00 kg) 2 2

T  1/ f  0.635 s A  5.00 cm and   0

x  (5.00 cm) cos  (9.90 rad/s)t 

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 26/29

 Example: A System in SHM
An air-track glider is attached to a spring,
pulled 20 cm to the right, and released
at t-=0. It makes 15 complete
oscillations in 10 s.
a. What is the period of oscillation?
b. What is the object’s maximum speed?
c. What is its position and velocity at t=0.80 s?
15 oscillations T  1/ f  0.667 s
f 
10 s 2 A 2 (0.20 m)
 1.5 oscillations/s  1.5 Hz vmax    1.88 m/s
T (0.667 s)
2 t 2 (0.80 s)
x  A cos  (0.20 m) cos  0.062 m  6.2 cm
T (0.667 s)
2 t 2 (0.80 s)
v  vmax sin  (1.88 m/s)sin  1.79 m/s  179 cm/s
T (0.667 s)
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 27/29
 Example: Finding the Time
A mass, oscillating in simple harmonic motion,
starts at x = A and has period T.
At what time, as a fraction of T, does the
mass first pass through x = ½A?
2 t
x  A  A cos
1
2
T
T 1  1  T  1
t cos  2    6T
2 2 3

December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 28/29

 End of Review 4
 Remember that the Final is optional. Check
your preliminary grade on Tycho (Lecture
Score 1) to decide if you need to take it.
 Homework Assignments #9 should be
submitted using the Tycho system by
11:59 PM on Saturday, Dec. 6 (Tomorrow!).
(24 hours late  70% credit)
 Last chance to register your clicker, using
the “Clicker” link on the 114C Syllabus page.
December 5, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 04 29/29