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    Operating Systems 3

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    ayesha abid
    The document discusses the key components and services of an operating system. It describes the core components that manage processes, memory, storage, I/O, files, protection and networking. It then explains how operating systems provide services to users and programs like process execution, I/O operations, file manipulation and communication. Finally, it outlines different structures for organizing an operating system, including simple, layered, microkernel and virtual machine approaches.

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    Operating Systems 3

    Uploaded by

    ayesha abid
    26 views19 pages
    The document discusses the key components and services of an operating system. It describes the core components that manage processes, memory, storage, I/O, files, protection and networking. It then explains how operating systems provide services to users and programs like process execution, I/O operations, file manipulation and communication. Finally, it outlines different structures for organizing an operating system, including simple, layered, microkernel and virtual machine approaches.

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    Operating systems 3

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    The document discusses the key components and services of an operating system. It describes the core components that manage processes, memory, storage, I/O, files, protection and networking. It then explains how operating systems provide services to users and programs like process execution, I/O operations, file manipulation and communication. Finally, it outlines different structures for organizing an operating system, including simple, layered, microkernel and virtual machine approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views19 pages

    Operating Systems 3

    Uploaded by

    ayesha abid
    The document discusses the key components and services of an operating system. It describes the core components that manage processes, memory, storage, I/O, files, protection and networking. It then explains how operating systems provide services to users and programs like process execution, I/O operations, file manipulation and communication. Finally, it outlines different structures for organizing an operating system, including simple, layered, microkernel and virtual machine approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Operating system

    Lecture 3
    OS Components
     Process management
     Main memory management
     Secondary storage management
     I/O system management
     File management
     Protection system
     Networking
     Command-line interpreter (shells)

    2
    Operating System Services

    Services for user and users of programs:


     Program execution
     I/O Operations
     File System Manipulation
     Communications between processes/users
     Error detection and handling
    Operating System Services …
    Services for efficient system operation:
     Resource management
     Accounting
     Protection
    OS Kernel
    Users
    Applications
    Operating System API, AUI
    Operating System Kernel
    Computer Hardware

    Real work is done in the kernel


    Entry Points into Kernel

    System Call Signal

    Interrupt Trap
    System Calls
     User processes must not be given open
    access to the kernel code
     The system call interface layer contains
    entry point in the kernel code
     Any user or application request that
    involves access to any system resource
    must be handled by the kernel code
    Types Of System Calls
     Process Control
     File Management
     Device Management
     Information maintenance
     Communications
    System Call Execution
     The user program makes a call to a library function.
     Library routine puts appropriate parameters at a well-
    known place (registers, stack, or a table in memory).
     The trap instruction is executed to change mode from
    user to kernel.
     Control goes to operating system.
     Operating system determines which system call is to be
    carried out.
    Semantics of System Call
    Execution …
     Kernel indexes the dispatch table, which contains
    pointers to service routines for system calls.
     Service routine is executed and return parameter or
    error code placed at well-known places (usually a CPU
    register).
     Control given back to user program.
     Library function executes the instruction following
    trap.
    System Call …
    Process

    Library Call

    System Call

    trap

    Dispatch Table
    Service
    Code
    Kernel
    Code
    Operating System
    Structures

     Simple Structure
     Layered Approach
     Microkernels
     Virtual Machines
    Simple Structures
    MS-DOS : written to provide the most functionality in the least
    space, so it was not divided into modules carefully
    Simple Structures …
     UNIX consists of two separable parts, the
    kernel and the system programs.
     Every thing below the system call interface
    and above the physical hardware is the
    kernel.
     An enormous amount of functionality
    combined in one level, UNIX is difficult to
    enhance as changes in one section could
    adversely affect other areas.
    UNIX System Structure
    Layered Approach
     The OS is broken up into a number of
    layers
     Bottom layer is hardware and the topmost
    layer ( layer N) is the user interface
     A typical layer consists of data structures
    and a set of routines to service the layer
    above it
     THE operating system by Dijkstra
     IBM’s OS/2
    Layered Approach …
     Modularity
     Each layer uses functions and services of
    only lower layers
     Simplifies debugging and system
    verification.
     The major difficulty with layered approach
    is careful definition of layers, because a
    layer can only use the layers below it
     Less efficient than other approaches
    Microkernel
     Structures the operating system by
    removing all non-essential components
    from the kernel and implementing them as
    system and user level programs
     Smaller kernel
     Main function is to provide a
    communication facility between client
    programs and the various services that are
    also running in the user space.
    Microkernel …
     Easier to extend the OS—new services are
    added to user space and consequently do not
    require modification of the kernel and/or its
    recompilation
     Easier to maintain operating system code
    (enhancement, debugging, etc.)
     OS is easier to port from one hardware to
    another
     More security and reliability
     Mach, MacOS X Server,OS/2, and Windows
    NT

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