Viruses can have several cellular effects when infecting a host cell, including cytopathic effects that cause cell death or changes in morphology. Cells may form multinucleated giant cells or inclusion bodies containing viral products. Some viruses can cause malignant transformation. Viruses spread through horizontal transmission routes like respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission, or vertically from mother to child. Stages of viral infection mimic bacterial infection with incubation, prodromal, illness, and recovery periods. Virulence varies between viruses and can be modified by host factors like age, nutrition, and immunosuppression.
Viruses can have several cellular effects when infecting a host cell, including cytopathic effects that cause cell death or changes in morphology. Cells may form multinucleated giant cells or inclusion bodies containing viral products. Some viruses can cause malignant transformation. Viruses spread through horizontal transmission routes like respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission, or vertically from mother to child. Stages of viral infection mimic bacterial infection with incubation, prodromal, illness, and recovery periods. Virulence varies between viruses and can be modified by host factors like age, nutrition, and immunosuppression.
Viruses can have several cellular effects when infecting a host cell, including cytopathic effects that cause cell death or changes in morphology. Cells may form multinucleated giant cells or inclusion bodies containing viral products. Some viruses can cause malignant transformation. Viruses spread through horizontal transmission routes like respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission, or vertically from mother to child. Stages of viral infection mimic bacterial infection with incubation, prodromal, illness, and recovery periods. Virulence varies between viruses and can be modified by host factors like age, nutrition, and immunosuppression.
Viruses can have several cellular effects when infecting a host cell, including cytopathic effects that cause cell death or changes in morphology. Cells may form multinucleated giant cells or inclusion bodies containing viral products. Some viruses can cause malignant transformation. Viruses spread through horizontal transmission routes like respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission, or vertically from mother to child. Stages of viral infection mimic bacterial infection with incubation, prodromal, illness, and recovery periods. Virulence varies between viruses and can be modified by host factors like age, nutrition, and immunosuppression.
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PATHOGENESIS
TO VIRUSES
DR. MUNA M. A. YOUSIF
M.D CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY CELLULAR EFFECTS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS Cytopathic effect (CPE) of viruses: when a virus infects a cell it may produce a change in the normal appearance of the cell. The cell becomes round and dark and it then either undergoes lysis or giant cell formation. Identification of the virus is based on detecting the appearance of the CPE in cell culture. CELLULAR EFFECTS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS CONT.’D Cells affected by viruses may undergo one of the following effects: 1. Death: viral infection causes cell death by inhibiting host cell protein synthesis and later inhibiting cellular DNA and RNA synthesis. Poliovirus causes cell death by inactivating an initiation factor required for cellular mRNA. 2. Cytopathic effect in the form of: a) Multinucleated cells: cells affected by viruses exhibit a tendency to fuse with uninfected cells due to the interaction of cell membranes of the uninfected cells with viral glycoproteins (fusion proteins) expressed in in the cell membranes of infected cells. If fusion occurs in a relatively low number of cells it results in the formation of multinucleated giant cells (found in infections by herpesviruses), and if it occurs in a large number of cells it gives syncytia (respiratory syncytial viral infection). TZANCK SMEAR CELLULAR EFFECTS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS CONT.’D b) Inclusion bodies: are abnormal structures in the cell nucleus or cytoplasm which have characteristic staining characters and containing viral products or proteins. Their size and location is pathognomonic for certain viral infections Guarneiri bodies and Negri bodies are eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies found In poxvirus infection and rabies respectively. Owl’s eye inclusion bodies are intranuclear basophlic inclusion bodies seen in CMV infection INCLUSION BODIES CELLULAR EFFECTS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS CONT.’D 3. Malignant transformation: some viruses such as Human papilloma viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, HBV,HCV and HTLV are capable of causing unrestrained growth in cells, especially in immunocompromised individuals. 4. No apparent change in the affected cell. TRANSMISSION OF VIRAL DISEASE Viruses are transmitted horizontally, vertically or zoonotically. Horizontal transmission: is transmission from person to person by: 1. Respiratory route: is the most common way by which viruses are transmitted. Infection maybe localized to the respiratory system (e.g. rhinovirus) or the initial infection may start there and then spreads elsewhere, for example, infection by measles virus starts in the respiratory tract mucosa and then viraemia occurs and the virus spreads to affect the skin. TRANSMISSION OF VIRAL DISEASE CONT.’D
2. Faeco-oral route: Is the second most common route of transmission. Enteroviruses (Picornaviruses, Reoviruses and calciviruses) spread this way. Viruses infecting the gastrointestinal tract maybe excreted in faeces for up to several weeks and the patient may spread the infection by fecal contamination of food or water. Most of these viruses are naked viruses and are resistant to inactivation by detergents. TRANSMISSION OF VIRAL DISEASE CONT.’D
3. Cutaneous route: the virus enters through abrasions or
through insect (Riftvalley fever) or animal bite (rabies virus) 4. Haematogenous route: transfusion of infected blood may help in the spread of HCV, HBV, HIV and CMV. 5. Venereal route: disruption or inflammation of the mucosa during sexual intercourse aids in viral entry, for example, HIV, HPV, hepatitis viruses VERTICAL TRANSMISSION Is the transmission of the infection from the mother to the infant. May occur: 1. Transplacentally and cause congenital infections (HIV, rubella, herpes, CMV, hepatitis B) 2. Perinatally as the fetus is passing through the birth canal 3. Lactation ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION These disease usually occur in animals but may be spread to humans from animals. a) Animal bite: rabies virus is transmitted by the bite of an infected dog. b) Arthropod borne: mosquito or tick (viral heamorrhagic diseases) c) Coming into contact with infected animal products (urine, respiratory secretions) STAGES OF VIRAL INFECTION Resemble stages seen in bacterial infection 1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal period 3. Specific illness period 4. Recovery period VIRULENCE Viral virulence is poorly understood and it differs greatly among different viruses. Some viruses infect a narrow range of cells, e.g., poliovirus can infect only human cells. Other viruses can affect a wider range of cells, e.g., rabies virus can affect all mammalian cells, Viruses infect only specific cells, e.g., herpes simplex-1 infects fibroblast growth factor receptor, rabies virus to acetylcholine receptor and HIV to CD4 receptor on helper T cells. Mutations also influence the virulence of some viruses, mutations in influenza virus result in life-threatening infections. FACTORS THAT MODIFY VIRAL PATHOGENESIS 1. Age 2. Nutrition 3. Genetic factors (lack of virus receptors) 4. Pregnancy 5. Immunosuppression THE END “No virus is known to do good. It has been well said that a virus is a piece of bad news wrapped up in a protein” Medawer and Medawar
