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Lecture01 - Fundamentals of Microcomputers

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Barkhad Mohamed
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30 views

Lecture01 - Fundamentals of Microcomputers

Uploaded by

Barkhad Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Lecture 01

Fundamental of
Microcomputers
Issues

 Definitions
 A microcomputer system
 Evolution of the Microprocessor
 How is a microprocessor fabricated?
 Comparison b/n different types of Micro-
processors based on architecture, speed, power,
cost...
Definitions
 Microprocessor
- a controlling unit of a micro-computer wrapped
inside a small chip.
- It performs Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
operations and communicates with the other devices
connected with it.
- Control only, external memory and I/O required
Eg. 8086, M68000, MIPS, SPARC, Pen/um…
 Microcontroller
- A microcontroller is a chip optimized to control
electronic devices.
- It is stored in a single integrated circuit which is
dedicated to performing a particular task and
execute one specific application.
E.g Arduino, AVR, PIC, 8051, MSP…
Definitions
 Microcomputer
- a complete computer system built using a
microprocessor and a few other components for the
memory and I/0.
e.g. PC, Mac, VAX, PDP, SunSparc
What is a Micro computer system?

Memory

Input
Microprocessor Output

Microprocessor(µP):
- Contains the CPU, System bus, Control unit and
(in latest models) a MMU, low level cache and
several on-‐chip
­ HW
a Micro-computer system
Memory
Is a digital data storing element
 Temporary(Working) Memory:
usually made of flip-­‐flop latches (SRAM) or
transistor-­‐capacitor combinations(DRAM)
 Permanent(storage) memory:
usually made of high storage capacity
magnetic/optical discs (hard disk drives) or solid
state devices (EEPROM, flash…)
Input/output (I/O) devices
devices we use to transfer data to/from the micro
processor. an interface controller is required b/n the
microprocessor and the I/O device:Keyboard, mouse,
display …
Evolution of the Microprocessors
 1958 The first integrated circuit, in Texas USA
(Jack kilby of TI, and Noyce from Fairchild)
 1965 Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel ‣ Moore’s Law
("The No of transistors in an IC doubles every two years")
 Intel 4004… the first microprocessor
• 1971, 4-­‐bit
 Intel 8008
• 1972, 8-­‐bit
• Originally designed for Datapoint Corp. as a CRT display controller
 Intel 8080
• 1974, April -­‐ Altair 8800, 1975, MITS (256 bytes of mem, $395)
• Apple II -­‐-­‐ Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1976, Apple inc.
• Bill Gates and Allen Paul: BASIC, 1975 -­‐-­‐> Microsoj corp.
Evolution of the microprocessors
 Intel 8086/8088
 1978, 16 bit: 8088, 1979, 8 ‐-­ bit external bus
 IBM PC; 1981
 29,000 Transistors.
 Intel 80286
 1982, 16-­bit architecture
 24‐bit addressing, memory protection and virtual memory
 16 MB of physical Memory and 1 GB of virtual memory
 130,000 Trs. onto a single chip
 IBM PC/AT in 1984, IBM PS/2 Model 50 and 60
History of Intel’s microprocessors
 Intel 80386
 1985, 32 bits
 3-­5 MIPS (7 MIPS on the 25 MHz chip)
 memory paging and enhanced I/O permission features
 4GB programming model
 Intel 80486
 1,200,000 Trs.
 386+387+8K data and instruction cache, paging and MMU
 Intel Pentium III
 1999 Pentium Pro + MMX + Internet Streaming SIMD
Instructions
 0.25 micron, 9.5 million Trs., 600 MHz, Superscalar arch.
 32 K(16K/16K) non-­blocking
‐ level 1 cache
History of Intel’s microprocessors
 Intel Core i7
 March 2008, Nehalem micro-­‐architecture, 3.066GHZ
 45nm CMOS process, 731 million trs., up to 8cores/chip
 Integrated Memory, graphics and direct media
interface controller
 Simultaneous hyper-­‐treading, turbo-­‐boost technology,…
 32K instruction & 32K L1 data cache/core, 256K L2
cache/core
 8MB L3 cache, predictive Instruction execution
History of Intel’s microprocessors
Fabrication
- A microprocessor is nothing, but a large digital
integrated circuit on a semiconductor wafer.
- Millions of transistors are integrated on the wafer to
construct functional circuits.
- Today a transistor as small as 20nm is being processed
by using special CMOS(Complementary metal–oxide–
semiconductor) process.
- The CMOS technology has made it possible to integrate
several useful HWs with the microprocessor core such
as: MMU, PMU, Cache, GPU, …
Silicon oxide as
insulator

Electrical conductive
polysilicon(gate terminal)
A silicon Wafer

Ready Microchips
A silicon Wafer
Fabrication

The MOS transistor MOS transistor types & symbols


Fabrication…cntd
Compare/contrast

- We can classify micro processors based on


o Architecture
o Application type
o Performance (in terms of speed, power consumption...)

- In modern microprocessors, the best features from the


different types is taken to achieve the maximum
performance.
- Based on Architecture or instruction set, the
major categories are RISC and CISC.
Compare/contrast
- An instruction set is the entire collection of instructions
for a given processor, and
- Architecture implies a particular way of building the
system that makes the processor.
Compare/contrast…RISC Vs CISC
CISC (complex Instruction Set Computer)
 When the 8086 was introduced
• Memory – expensive, Compilers – lousy, VLSI – primitive

 Keeping the encodings of common instructions


short helped in two ways.
• It made programs shorter, saving precious memory space.
• Shorter instructions can also be fetched faster.
• Assembly programming is easier

 The 8086-­‐based processors are an example of a


CISC, architecture.
RISC Vs CISC…
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC-based machines execute one instruction per clock cycle.
• RISC-­‐based programs needed more instructions and were harder
to write by hand than CISC-­‐based ones.
• This also meant that RISC programs used more memory.
• execute simple instructions faster
Many newer processor designs use RISC, architecture
• Memory is faster and cheaper now.
• Compilers generate code instead of assembly programmers.
• Simpler hardware made advanced implementation techniques
pipelining
- Instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing
instruction level parallelism within a single processor.
- Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy
with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a
series of sequential steps performed by different processor
units with different parts of instructions processed in parallel.
Compare/contrast…performance

 The processing speed is directly proportional to the


system clock frequency, the frequency is limited by the
voltage level and dissipated heat.

 Newer processor designs claim higher frequencies at lower


voltage thresholds using new production processes
‐>
-­ Low power and high speed

 Performance of a micro processor also depends on the No.


of cores in the chip and intelligent HW/SW like, parallelism,
pipelining, on-‐­chip caches, PMU and such

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