DEPARTMENT OF FOOD ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Course Title : Mechanics Of Materials

Course Code : MM-205
Year: S.E

1-1
Lecture 3 b

1-2
Stresses in Elastic Range
• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G  G max
c
From Hooke’s Law,   G , so

  max
c

J  12  c 4
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T    dA  max   2 dA  max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion

J  12  c24  c14  formulas,
Tc T
 max  and  
J J
3-3
Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and
perpendicular to the shaft axis are subjected to
shear stresses only. Normal stresses, shearing
stresses or a combination of both may be
found for other orientations.
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F  2  max A0  cos 45   max A0 2
F  max A0 2
     max
45o A A0 2

• Element a is in pure shear.

• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude

3-4
Torsional Failure Modes

• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker
in tension than shear.

• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle
specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

3-5
Sample Problem 3.1
SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, • Given allowable shearing stress
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid and applied torque, invert the
of diameter d. For the loading shown, elastic torsion formula to find the
determine (a) the minimum and maximum required diameter
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
3-6
Sample
SOLUTION:Problem 3.1
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings

 M x  0   6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0   6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m

3-7
Sample Problem 3.1
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to • Given allowable shearing stress and
find minimum and maximum applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
stress on shaft BC formula to find the required diameter

J
2

 4 4 
2
 
c2  c1   0.060 4   0.045 4   max 
Tc

Tc
65MPa 
6 kN  m
J  c4  c3
2 2
 13.92  10 6 m 4
c  38.9  103 m
TBC c2  20 kN  m  0.060 m 
 max   2   d  2c  77.8 mm
J 13.92  10 6 m 4
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
3-8
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max 
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max  
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL

JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi

3-9
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
TA  TB  90 lb  ft

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
  1   2   0 TB  1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

LJ
TA  1 2 TA  90 lb  ft
L2 J1

3 - 10
Sample Problem 3.4
SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on
the two shafts to find a relationship
between TCD and T0
• Apply a kinematic analysis to relate
the angular rotations of the gears
• Find the maximum allowable torque
Two solid steel shafts are connected on each shaft – choose the smallest
by gears. Knowing that for each • Find the corresponding angle of twist
shaft G = 11.2 x 106 psi and that the
for each shaft and the net angular
allowable shearing stress is 8 ksi,
rotation of end A
determine (a) the largest torque T0
that may be applied to the end of
shaft AB, (b) the corresponding angle
through which end A of shaft AB
rotates.
3 - 11
Sample Problem 3.4
SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on • Apply a kinematic analysis to relate
the two shafts to find a relationship the angular rotations of the gears
between TCD and T0

rB B  rCC
 M B  0  F  0.875in.  T0 rC 2.45 in.
B  C  C
 M C  0  F  2.45 in.  TCD rB 0.875in.
TCD  2.8 T0  B  2.8C

3 - 12
Sample Problem 3.4
• Find the T0 for the maximum • Find the corresponding angle of twist for each
allowable torque on each shaft – shaft and the net angular rotation of end A
choose the smallest

T L
 A / B  AB 
 561lb  in. 24in.

J AB G   0.375 in. 4 11 .2  106 psi
2

 0.387 rad  2.22o
TABc T  0.375in.
 max  8000 psi  0 T L 2.8  561lb  in. 24in.
C / D  CD 
J AB   0.375in. 4
2 
J CD G   0.5 in. 4 11 .2  106 psi
2

T0  663lb  in.
 0.514 rad  2.95o
TCDc 2.8 T0  0.5 in.
 max 
J CD
8000 psi 
  0.5 in. 4
2
 
 B  2.8C  2.8 2.95o  8.26o

T0  561lb  in. T0  561lb  in  A   B   A / B  8.26o  2.22o  A  10.48o

3 - 13