PRESENTATION

ON
FREQUENCY CONTROL
AND
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

TO THE OFFICERS OF

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

On 4th April, 2005
by
V.K. Agrawal
SRLDC, Bangalore 1
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

THE BASICS

2
 VARIATION IN FREQUENCY

 Sudden addition of load causes a drop in

frequency.
 An increased load is supplied through an increase
in the load angle by which the rotor lags the stator
field.
 It means a loss of Kinetic Energy of the rotating
M/c and a slower speed of rotation i.e. a lower
frequency.
f = (P/2) X (N/60)
Where f = frequency of the system
P = no of poles of the M/c.
N = rpm of the M/c.
3
 PRIMARY CONTROLS
TO REGULATE FREQUENCY
 Relief by frequency dependent load

 Free Governor Operation

 Under Frequency Operation

4
 GOVERNOR
 Speed governor is the controlling mechanism which
controls the input to the prime mover automatically
when there is a change in system speed (frequency)

 When there is a change in speed (frequency),

governor responses by causing valves/gates to
open/close to increase/decrease the input to the
prime mover

 The notion that Governor attempts to restore

frequency to normal is a misconception. In reality,
Governors attempts to restore load generation
balance, using frequency change as a signal.
5
PRIMARY CONTROL - GOVERNOR
ACTION

Primary control involves the action of turbine speed

governors in generating units, which will respond when
the current speed (frequency) deviates from the set
point speed (frequency) due to an imbalance between
the generation and demand.
In a synchronously interconnected network the
technical solidarity between members will involve the
simultaneous action of primary control on all
generating units and thereby minimising the net effect
on each unit.

6
 DROOP

 Droop is the amount of speed (or

frequency) change that is necessary to cause
the main prime mover control mechanism to
move from fully closed to fully open.

 Normal range - 3 to 5%

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 FREQUENCY VS LOAD CURVE
Load
in %

100%

Droop = 5%
50%

0% Frequency in Hz
50 51.25 52.5
Hz Hz Hz
8
 PARTICIPATION OF 5% DROOP ON 200MW & 500MW GENERATORS

600

500

400
400
GENERATION IN MW --->

300
300
100MW for 0.5HZ
Frequency
200
200
160

120
100
100
40MW for 0.5HZ 80
Frequency
40

0
49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5
FREQ IN HZ --->

9
 RESPONSE BY A 500 MW GENERATOR WITH DIFFRENT DROOP

500
500
500

450

400
400 375
350 4 % DROOP
300
300
250
MW ->

250
5 % DROOP
200
200

150
125
100
100

50

0 0

48 48.5 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5

HZ->

10
 GOVERNING SYSTEM
 Hydraulic system has a droop of 5%

 Electro-hydraulic system has a droop adjustable

from 2.5 to 8%. It is normally set at 5%

 In ehtc, droop characteristics is realised through

frequency influence on load controller

 Frequency influence also acts in cmc for

combustion controls
11
 BLOCKED GOVERNOR
Blocking of governor is bypassing the
governing feedback mechanism to maintain
fixed generator output.

12
THANK YOU

13
 DROOP
• The definition of DROOP is the amount of
speed (or frequency) change that is necessary
to cause the main prime mover control
mechanism to move from fully closed to
fully open. In general, the percent movement
of the main prime mover control mechanism
can be calculated as the speed change (in
percent) divided by the per unit droop.
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 REGULATION
• The term SPEED REGULATION refers to the
amount of speed or frequency change that is
necessary to cause the output of the synchronous
generator to change from zero output to full
output. In contrast with droop, this term focuses on
the output of the generator, rather than the position
of its valves. In some cases, especially in hydro,
the droop setting will be significantly different
from the resulting speed regulation. This is due to
the nonlinear relationship between valve position
and water, gas or steam flow through the turbine.

15
 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DROOP SETTINGS:-
600
2 UNIT
INITIAL OPERATING POINTEXAMPLE
BOTH UNITS AT 500 MW, 50 HZ
500
FINAL OPERATING POINT
UNIT 2 AT 5% DROOP
400
GENERATION IN MW

333
300
FINAL OPERATING POINT
UNIT 1 AT 3% DROOP
200

100

0
50

50.1

50.3

50.5

50.6

50.7

50.8

50.9

51

51.1

51.2

51.4

51.5

51.6

51.7

51.8

51.9

52

52.1
50.2

50.4

51.3

52.2

52.3

52.4

52.5
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FREQUENCY