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    0921214014

    Uploaded by

    Dev Kumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    0921214014

    Uploaded by

    Dev Kumar
    16 views17 pages

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    16 views17 pages

    0921214014

    Uploaded by

    Dev Kumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    FAULTS LOCATING IN

    UNDER GROUND
    SYSTEMS

    Presented by,
    Bikash chandra sahoo
    REGD.NO-0921214014
    BRANCH-ELE,7TH
    CONTENTS:
     INTRODUCTION
     CONSTRUCTION OF CABLES
     THEIR GENERAL FEATURES
     CAUSES OF FAILURE OF UG CABLES
     TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS
     VISUAL METHODS OF CABLE FAULT
    LOCATION
     CABLE FAULT LOCATING TEST METHODS
     CABLE FAULT LOCATING EQUIPMENTS
     CONCLUSION
    INTRODUCTION:
     Before going into details about this topic,
    we must have a general idea on
    underground cables and faults.
     The electric power in underground systems
    is transmitted by underground cables. An
    under ground cable essentially consists of
    one or more conductors covered with
    suitable insulation and surrounded by a
    protecting cover.
     The short circuits and abnormal operating
    conditions that often occur in a power
    system are known as faults.
    CONSTRUCTION OF
    CABLES:
    GENERAL FEATURES OF
    CABLES:

     flexibility
     desirable size
     proper thickness of
    insulation
     stability
    CAUSES OF FAILURE OF
    UG CABLES:

     mechanical puncturing
     improper laying
     overheating
     corrosion
    TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS:

     open circuit fault


     short circuit fault
     earth fault
    CABLE FAULT LOCATING
    TEST METHODS:
    Two popular methods (known as
    loop tests) used are:
    (i) Murray loop test
    (ii) Varley loop test

    Both these tests employ the


    principle of Wheatstone bridge for
    fault location.
    Murray Loop Test(Earth fault):
    As per balanced position of
    the bridge,
    P/Q = R/X
    Adding 1 both sides,
    (P+Q)/Q =
    (R+X)/X …(1)

    If r is resistance of each
    cable, then,
    R+X = 2r
    So, equation (1) becomes,
    (P+Q)/Q = 2r/X
    Thus, X = (Q * 2r)/(P+Q)

    If l is length of each cable,


    resistance per length of cable
    = r/l
    Murray Loop Test(S.C. fault):
    Similarly, here also,
    P/Q = R/X
    Adding 1 both sides,
    (P+Q)/Q = (R+X)/X …(1)

    If r is resistance of each cable, then,


    R+X = 2r
    So, equation (1) becomes,
    (P+Q)/Q = 2r/X
    Thus, X = (Q * 2r)/(P+Q)

    If l is length of each cable, resistance


    per length of cable = r/l

    Distance of fault point from test end


    is, d= X/(r/l) = (Q * 2l)/(P+Q)
    Varley Loop Test(Earth fault):

    When key K2 is at position 1,


    As per balanced position,
    P/Q = R/(X+S1)
    Adding 1 both sides, we get,
    (P+Q)/Q = (R+X+S1)/(X+S1)
    So, determining ‘ X ’ ,
    X = [Q*(R+X) – (P *
    S1)]/(P+Q) ..(1)
    When key K2 is at position 2,
    P/Q = (R+X)/S2
    (R+X) * Q = P * S2 …(2)
    Thus, X = [P * (S2 – S1)]/(P+Q)
    Varley Loop Test(S.C.
    fault):
    When key K2 is at position 1,
    As per balanced position,
    P/Q = R/(X+S1)
    Adding 1 both sides, we get,
    (P+Q)/Q = (R+X+S1)/(X+S1)

    So, determining ‘ X ’ ,
    X = [Q*(R+X) – (P * S1)]/(P+Q)
    ..(1)
    When key K2 is at position 2,
    P/Q = (R+X)/S2
    (R+X) * Q = P * S2 …
    (2)
    Thus, X = [P * (S2 – S1)]/(P+Q)
    CABLE FAULT LOCATING
    EQUIPMENTS:

     A
    resistance
    bridge

     A megger
    CONCLUSION:

    The localization of the ground faults is possible,


    though it is little bit difficult but it can be done
    by taking proper care. We can detect the fault,
    identify the faulted condition and determine its
    exact position of occurrence. And thereby,
    protect our system from being affected.
    REFERENCES

     www.wikipedia.org
     www.osha.gov
     www.google.co.in/fault
     principle of power system by” V.K.MEHTA” &
    “ROHIT MEHTA “.
     POWER SYSTEM BY “J.B.GUPTA”.
    THANK YOU

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