Modal verbs

Should – to give advice

Ought to – to give advice (very often it is based on existing
principles)

Mustn’t – (it is banned, not allowed or strong negative

advice)

Must (obligation)
Have to (obligation when someone tells you to
do it)
Don’t have to (lack of obligation)
Need (necessity)
Didn’t need to ( there was no necessity and the
person did not do it)

I didn’t need to wake up early. It was my day

off.
Needn’t have +Ved/Past Participle (there was no
necessity but the person did it)

I needn’t have woken up early. It slipped my

mind that it was my day off.
 Possibility
May, might, could (possible future events, but we are not
sure, 30%)
He may come.
May, might, could + perfect infinitive (assumptions as for
the past)
He might have come.
Should is used to say that something is likely to happen,
that’s our opinion.
We should be on time.
Should + perfect infinitive (have+Ved/Past Participle)
reproach
You should have told me.
Must (90%, we deduce that something is true)
He must be rich. He buys an endless amount of happy
meals at McDonald’s.

Must + perfect infinitive (have+ Ved/Past Participle) as for

the past.
It must have been love but it is over now.

Can’t (logically impossible)

She can’t be here. She is very slow.

Can’t/couldn’t + have +Ved/Past participle. (logically

impossible as for the past)
He couldn’t have told it.
Negative adverbials to make emphatic negative sentences

If they are used at the beginning of the sentence the word order changes.
They are followed with auxiliary verb.

never
nowhere hardly
in no way
on no account
only if / when / once not until
under no circumstances
not only … also
no sooner … than

In no way will I eat fish!

Hardly do I care!
 Some verbs have different meanings when they are follwed by a gerund or an infinitive.

GERUND INFINITIVE

looks back in the past looks into the future

He'll
never forget spending so
Don't forget to spend money on the tickets.
much money on his first
computer.
GERUND INFINITIVE

to continue with the same thing to change the activity

Go on reading the text. Go on to read the text.

GERUND INFINITIVE

sth. has to be done to get a result intend to do sth.

You have forgotten your homework

I meant to phone your mother, but my
again. That means phoning your
mobile didn't work.
mother.
GERUND INFINITIVE

you did sth in the past and you are to tell bad news and you are not happy
not happy about it about it

We regret to inform you that the flight

I regret being late for school.
has beeen delayed for another two hours.

GERUND INFINITIVE

looks back in the past looks into the future

I remember switching off the lights Remember to switch off the lights when

when I went on holiday. you go on holiday.
GERUND INFINITIVE

to stop with an activity to stop in order to do sth.

I stopped smoking. I stopped to smoke.

GERUND INFINITIVE

to test sth. to do sth. that is not easy

I tried taking an aspirin but it Try to be quiet when you come

didn't help. home late.
 PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Structure of the Present Simple Tense: S – subject, V – verb, V1 – index 1
shows that the bare infinitive is used.
+ S (I, you, we, they) V1 … .
S (he, she, it) V1+s/es … .
- S (I, you, we, they) do not V1 … .
S (he, she, it) does not V1 … .
? Do S (I, you, we, they) V1 … ?
Does S (he, she, it) V1 … ?
NOTE. The auxiliaries do and does (in the third person singular) with not
could be used in short or full form: do not=don’t, does not=doesn’t.
I (you, we,they) do.
Short positive answer: Yes,
he (she, it) does.
I (you, we,they) don’t.
Short negative answer: No,
he (she, it) doesn’t.
Adverbs of frequency: every day/night/week/Monday etc., usually, often,
always, rarely, never, sometimes, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night, at the
weekend etc.
 The use of the Present Simple Tense:
1. permanent situation;
e.g. I study at the Pedagogical University.
My friend lives in Kryvyi Rih.
My little brother likes ice cream very much.
He works at an office.
2. habit and repeated action;
e.g. She often buys products here.
I go swimming every weekend.
My mum helps our old neighbour regularly.
We often call each other.
3. law of nature, general truth;
e.g. Water boils at 100○C.
The sun rises in the East.
1. future action according to the programme or schedule;
e.g. The lessons start at 8 o’clock at school.
The flight takes off at 8.20 on Monday.
The train arrives at the station at 9 tomorrow.
2. review of the film or book;
3. sports commentaries;
4. recipes, manuals.
NOTE. The auxiliaries do and does (in the third person singular) followed
by the bare infinitive form of the main verb can be used in affirmative sentences to
express emphasis. e.g. I do like this film. = I like this film very much. He does
believe. = He really believes.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Structure of the Present Continuous Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ving –
verb with the ending –ing (or Present Participle).
NOTE. The auxiliary am and word not don’t have any short form, but the
pronoun I and the auxiliary am could be shortened as I’m. The auxiliary is and the
word not could be used in short or full form: is not=isn’t as well as pronouns he,
she, it and the auxiliary is could be shortened in the affirmative sentences as he’s,
she’s, it’s. The auxiliary are and word not could be used in short or full form: are
not=aren’t as well as the pronouns we, you, they and the auxiliary are could be
shortened in the affirmative sentences as we’re, you’re, they’re.
+ I am Ving … .
S (he, she, it) is Ving … .
S (we, you, they) are Ving … .
- I am not Ving … .
S (he, she, it) is not Ving … .
S (we, you, they) are not Ving … .
? Am I Ving … ?
Is S (he, she, it) Ving … ?
Are S (we, you, they) Ving … ?

I’m.
Short positive answer: Yes, he (she, it)’s.
you (we,they)’re.
I’m not.
Short negative answer: No, he (she, it) isn’t.
you (we,they) aren’t.
Adverbs of time: now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight,
always, still.
 The use of the Present Continuous Tense:
1. temporary action;
e.g. She usually works at the office, but this week she’s working at home.
2. action at the moment of speaking;
e.g. Now you’re reading the grammar rules.
3. action that is going on around now, but not at the actual moment of
speaking;
e.g. Imagine that you’re at the meeting with your friends in the café and
you’re discussing the books that you are reading. ‘You’re reading’ – it
doesn’t mean that you’re reading in the café, but around now, at home, in
your free time, so you can have a small talk about a plot and so on.
1. repeated action with the word always, constantly, continually which
expresses annoyance, irritation, anger etc.;
e.g. She’s always lying. My brother’s always using my laptop without my
permission!
2. for changing and developing situations, as usual it's formed with the verbs
get, develop, improve, change, increase etc.
e.g. It’s getting dark. Our progress is developing faster and faster.
3. planned future action with some arrangements that have already been done;
Ex: I’m flying to London tomorrow. (It’s been planned beforehand, the
tickets have already been bought, the hotel has been booked).
 State verbs (or non-continuous verbs) are verbs which describe a state
rather than an action, that’s why we don’t use these verbs in continuous tenses:
1. verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer,
adore, forgive, etc.
2. verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, sound, feel, etc.
3. verbs of perception: know, believe, understand, realize, remember, etc.
4. other verbs: be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, need, matter,
continue, etc.
 Some of the state verbs could be used in continuous tenses when they
describe actions but not states. For example:
Present Simple Present Continuous
think – вважати, гадати, мати точку think – роздумувати
зору
I think it’s difficult. I’m thinking of buying a house.
have – володіти, мати have as a part of idiomatic phrase: have
a shower, have a bath, have
breakfast/dinner/supper, have a rest,
have difficulties, etc.
I have an apple now. I’m having breakfast now.
smell – мати запах smell – нюхати
It smells fantastic. I’m smelling a new perfume.
taste – смакувати taste – куштувати
This fish tastes good. I’m tasting this fish.
weigh – мати вагу weigh – зважувати
This box weighs a lot. I’m weighing myself.
come from – бути родом з come from – приїздити з
I come from Kryvyi Rih. I’m coming from Italy.
be (am/is/are) – when we talk about be (am/is/are being) – when we talk
typical features of a person about untypical features of a person
He is patient but these days he is being aggressive
see – розуміти see – зустрічати
I see what you mean. I’m seeing my friend tonight.
appear – здаватися = seem appear – з’являтися
A new music band is appearing on stage
He appears/seems to be a good friend. tonight.
appear – здаватися = seem appear – з’являтися
A new music band is appearing on stage
He appears/seems to be a good friend. tonight.
love – любити love = enjoy
I love him. I’m loving the party.
look – мати вигляд look at, look for, look through, look into,
etc.
You look amazing today. I’m looking for my keys.
fit – відповідати розміру fit – встановлювати
This dress fits me. He is fitting a new lock.
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Structure of the Present Perfect Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ved/3 – if the
verb is regular the ending -ed is added; if the verb is irregular index 3 shows that
the third form (or Past Participle) of irregular verbs is used.
+ S (I, you, we, they) have Ved/3 … .
S (He, she, it) has Ved/3 … .
- S (I, you, we, they) have not Ved/3 … .
S (he, she, it) has not Ved/3 … .
? Have S (I, you, we, they) Ved/3 … ?
Has S (he, she, it) Ved/3 … ?
NOTE. The auxiliaries have and has (in the third person singular) with not
could be used in short or full form: have not=haven’t, has not=hasn’t.
I (you, we,they) have.
Short positive answer: Yes,
he (she, it) has.
I (you, we,they) haven’t.
Short negative answer: No,
he (she, it) hasn’t.
Adverbs of time: just, ever, never, already, yet, always, how long, so far,
recently, since, for, for ages, today, this week/day/month, etc.
 The use of the Present Perfect Tense:
1. recently completed action and the result of the action is in the present;
e.g. She has just polished the floors. (The result: the smell of the polish)
2. the action is in the past, but the time isn’t defined. So, if we ask when the
action happened we don’t have the answer;
e.g. I’ve done it.
3. personal experience;
e.g. I’ve been to America.

1. emphasis on number;
e.g. I’ve already seen this film three times.
2. action that could be repeated in the future;
e.g. Lina Kostenko has written many poems.
1. have gone to (поїхав кудись та все ще там знаходиться): e.g. Where is
Peter? – He has gone to Kyiv. (So, at the moment he is in Kyiv)
2. have been to (був десь, але вже повернувся): e.g. I have been to Kyiv.(So,
now he’s here)
3. have been in (вказано де і скільки перебуває): e.g. He has been in Kyiv for
two weeks. (And now he’s there)
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Structure of Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S – subject, V – verb,
Ving – verb with the ending -ing (or Present Participle).

+ S (I, you, we, they) have been Ving … .

S (He, she, it) has been Ving … .
- S (I, you, we, they) have not been Ving … .
S (he, she, it) has not been Ving … .
? Have S (I, you, we, they) been Ving … ?
Has S (he, she, it) been Ving … ?
NOTE. The auxiliaries have and has (in the third person singular) with not
could be used in short or full form: have not=haven’t, has not=hasn’t.
I (you, we,they) have.
Short positive answer: Yes,
he (she, it) has.
I (you, we,they) haven’t.
Short negative answer: No,
he (she, it) hasn’t.
Adverbs of time: how long, for, by.
The use of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
1. action started in the past andis still continuing;
e.g. I’ve been studying at school for 10 years. (I’m still a pupil)
2. past action of certain duration with its result in the present;
e.g. He looks tired. He has been jogging all morning!
3. action expressing anger, irritation and annoyance;
e.g. Who has been using my cell phone!
NOTE. The state verbs aren’t used in the Present Perfect Continuous!
 PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Structure of Past Simple Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ved/2 – if the verb is
regular the ending -ed is added; if the verb is irregular the index 2 shows that the
second form (or Past Simple) of irregular verbs is used, V1 – index 1 shows that the
bare infinitive is used.
+ S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) Ved/2 … .
- S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) did not V1… .
? Did S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) V1 … ?
NOTE. The auxiliary did with not could be used in short or full form:
did not=didn’t.
Short positive answer: Yes, I (you, he, she, it we, they) did.
Short negative answer: No, I (you, he, she, it we, they) didn’t.
Adverbs of time: yesterday, last week/month/year, how long ago, ago, then,
just now, when, in, etc.
 The usage of Past Simple Tense:
1. action in the past and the time of action is defined (so we have the answer
for question “when?”);
e.g. I bought a dress yesterday. (When? – yesterday)
2. sequence of actions, actions happened in the past one by one;
e.g. I got up, had a shower then had breakfast.
3. past action that can’t be repeated;
e.g. Taras Shevchenko wrote many literature masterpieces.
4. habit or state in the past;
e.g. I did my homework every evening when I was a pupil.
NOTE! For expressing past habits we use the verbs used to or would. Used
to is used with action and state verbs in affirmative and negative sentences and
questions, but would is used only with action verbs in affirmative sentences.
 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Structure of the Past Continuous Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ving – verb
with the ending –ing (or Present Participle).
+ S (I, he, she, it) was Ving … .
S (we, you, they) were Ving … .
- S (I, he, she, it) was not Ving … .
S (we, you, they) were not Ving … .
? Was S (I, he, she, it) Ving … ?
Were S (we, you, they) Ving … ?
NOTE. The auxiliaries was/were and the word not could be used in short or
full form: was not=wasn’t, were not=weren’t.
I (he, she, it) was.
Short positive answer: Yes,
you (we,they) were.
I (he, she, it) wasn’t.
Short negative answer: No,
you (we,they) weren’t.
Adverbs of time: while, when, as.
 The use of the Past Continuous Tense:
1. two or more simultaneous actions in the past;
e.g. I was reading the book while my mum was watching TV.
2. action in the process at the stated time in the past;
e.g. She was reading at 5 o’clock yesterday.
3. the action in the process in the past which was interrupted by another past
action (the action in the process in the past – the Past Continuous Tense, another
past action which interrupted the process – the Past Simple Tense);
e.g. We were playing football when the rain started.
4. for the description of the background of the events in the story;
e.g. The sun was shining. The birds were singing. The wind was blowing.
NOTE. The state verbs aren’t used in the Past Continuous!
 PAST PERFECT TENSE
Structure of the Past Perfect Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ved/3 – if the
verb is regular the ending -ed is added; if the verb is irregular index 3 shows that
the third form (or Past Participle) of irregular verbs is used.
+ S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) had V ed/3 … .
- S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) had not Ved/3 … .
? Had S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) Ved/3 … ?

Short positive answer: Yes, I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had.
Short negative answer: No, I (you, he, she, it, we, they) hadn’t.

Adverbs of time: for, since.

The use of the Past Perfect Tense:
1. the action that had happened by a specific moment in the past;
e.g. I had done it by 5 o'clock.
2. the past event that had happened before another past action (prior action);
e.g. We came but they had already left.
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Structure of Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S – subject, V – verb, Ving –
verb with the ending –ing (or Present Participle).
+ S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) had been V ing … .
- S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) had not been Ving … .
? Had S (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) been Ving … ?

Short positive answer: Yes, I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had.
Short negative answer: No, I (you, he, she, it, we, they) hadn’t.

Adverbs of time: for, since.

The use of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
1. action that started in the past, was happening for some period of time and
finished in the past;
e.g. I had been studying at school for 11 years.
2. past action of certain duration with a result in the past;
e.g. He was tired as he had been running all morning.
NOTE. The state verbs aren’t used in the Past Perfect Continuous!
It’s time
It’s high time no subject ( for smb (me, you, him, her,
us, them)) to V
It’s about time

It is time for you to study new words.

It is time to post something on Instagram.

It’s time
It’s high time subject + Past Simple
It’s about time
1. It's really late. It's time we ______ home.

2. It's 11 o'clock and the children are still in bed. It's time they _____ .

3. It's late. It's time for me _____ home. I am not allowed to come home late.

4. It's time for you _____ a new car. This old one isn't good enough for you.

5. When are you going to buy a car? It's time you _____ a new car.

6. It's time for you _____ dinner. You must be hungry.

7. It's time I_____ my hair cut. I hate long hair!

8. It's time for us ____ learning a foreign language. What about English?

9. It's time we ____ learning English.

10. It's time you _____ this book. It was written by Oscar Wilde and it's very good.
Despite no preposition + Ving/noun/the fact that subject… (more formal)

Despite not liking caramel she continued eating a bar of chocolate.

Despite her dislike of caramel she kept on eating a bar of chocolate.
Despite the fact that she did not like caramel she kept on eating it.

In spite + OF + Ving/noun/the fact that subject…

To be likely to V (it is possible)

I am likely to eat this chocolate.
To be unlikely to V
I am unlikely to quit eating chocolate.
IN THE END means 1) a conclusion after a long process 2) finally, after all. It
suggests that something happened after a lot of changes, problems
or uncertainty.

Are you going to do this task in the end??

AT THE END OF something

In the end the opposite of in the beginning

At the end of the opposite of the at the beginning

At the beginning of the Math lesson I felt excited and at the end of the lesson I felt
even much more excited.
1. _________ Lucy decided to marry him.

2. Put your signature ________ of the contract.

3. ______ it stopped raining and we could go for a walk.

4. Could you tell me where the bathroom is? - There is one _____of the
corridor.

5. I was thinking about going to Italy but ______ I decided to go to

Spain.

6. ______ of the book is a bibliography and a good index.

7. Have you seen the film "________ of time?"

8. I wanted to go to the cinema but she didn´t. _____ we went to the

opera.

9. I would like to invite you to the museum. It is ______ of the street.

10. He didn't have a well-paid job. ______ he found a better one.