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    06-Reported-Speech Affirmative and Negative

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    juan padilla
    The document discusses reported speech, which is a way of reporting what someone has said by changing some words while retaining the same meaning. It explains that reported speech is used to tell what someone said without repeating their exact words. It provides examples of direct speech and how that would be changed to reported speech by altering verb tenses and time/place adverbs. The document also covers reporting requests, orders, statements, and questions and the typical changes made to pronouns and verbs in reported versus direct speech.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    06-Reported-Speech Affirmative and Negative

    Uploaded by

    juan padilla
    248 views22 pages
    The document discusses reported speech, which is a way of reporting what someone has said by changing some words while retaining the same meaning. It explains that reported speech is used to tell what someone said without repeating their exact words. It provides examples of direct speech and how that would be changed to reported speech by altering verb tenses and time/place adverbs. The document also covers reporting requests, orders, statements, and questions and the typical changes made to pronouns and verbs in reported versus direct speech.

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    06-reported-speech affirmative and negative

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    The document discusses reported speech, which is a way of reporting what someone has said by changing some words while retaining the same meaning. It explains that reported speech is used to tell what someone said without repeating their exact words. It provides examples of direct speech and how that would be changed to reported speech by altering verb tenses and time/place adverbs. The document also covers reporting requests, orders, statements, and questions and the typical changes made to pronouns and verbs in reported versus direct speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    248 views22 pages

    06-Reported-Speech Affirmative and Negative

    Uploaded by

    juan padilla
    The document discusses reported speech, which is a way of reporting what someone has said by changing some words while retaining the same meaning. It explains that reported speech is used to tell what someone said without repeating their exact words. It provides examples of direct speech and how that would be changed to reported speech by altering verb tenses and time/place adverbs. The document also covers reporting requests, orders, statements, and questions and the typical changes made to pronouns and verbs in reported versus direct speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    REPORTED SPEECH

    is very important for legal language,


    because it is used in newspaper reports
    of crimes and investigations, in reports
    on trials, in judicial procedure…
    1
    What is Reported Speech?

     Reported Speech is
    a way how we report
    what someone has
    said by changing
    some of the words
    said, but retaining
    the same meaning.
    When do we use it?

     REPORTED SPEECH is used to tell what someone


    said. Yet, we do not repeat all the words exactly.
     REAL WORDS (direct speech):
    Tom said: “We are going to the cinema this afternoon.”

     REPORTED SPEECH:
    Tom said that they were going to the cinema that afternoon.
    General rule:
    1. When the introductory verb (say, tell, inform, state,
    claim…) is in the present, present perfect or
    future tense, no change in tense or adverbs of
    time and place is necessary

    Direct speech:
    He says: “I don’t understand this question”.
    Reported speech:
    He says that he doesn’t understand this question.
    4
    Reported requests, offers….

    When we report offers, promises,


    threats etc, we can use the
    structure:
    Reporting verb + to-
    infinitive
    Reported orders, requests….

    When we report orders, requests,


    warnings, advice, invitations etc,
    we can use the structure:
    Reporting verb + object + to
    infinitive
    2. When the introductory verb is in the Past
    Tense, there is a change of tense and
    adverbs of time and place.

    Direct speech:
    He said: “I don’t understand this question”.
    Reported speech:
    He said that he didn’t understand that
    question.

    7
    ***Notice***
    The reporting verbs that we can
    use in this structure include:

    tell, ask, order, warn, remind,


    advise, invite etc.
    ***Notice***

    The reporting verbs that we


    can use in this structure
    include:
    Offer, promise, agree, refuse
    etc.
    CHANGE OF TENSES:

     DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH


     present  past
     present perfect  past perfect
     past  past perfect
     future  past future

    10
    CHANGE OF ADVERBS OF
    TIME & PLACE

     DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH


     yesterday  the day before
     tomorrow  the next/following day
     next day/week  the following day/week
     today  that day
     here  there

    11
    Changes in Modals

    DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH


    SPEECH
    CAN COULD
    MAY MIGHT
    MUST / HAVE TO MUST / HAD TO
    WILL WOULD
    CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE
    (COMMANDS, WARNINGS, REQUESTS)
     Direct speech:
    He said: “Go home.”
     Reported speech:
    He told me to go home. (Infinitive)

     “Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to


    me.  The doctor told me to stay in bed for a
    few days.
     “Don’t shout”, I said to Jim.  I told Jim not to
    shout.
    13
    SAY and TELL
     If you say who you are talking to, use tell:
     Sonia told me that you were ill. (not “Sonia said me”)
     What did you tell the police? (not “say the police”)
     Otherwise use say:
     Sonia said that you were ill. (not “Sonia told that..”)
     What did you say?
     But you can “say something to somebody”:
     Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not “Ann said me
    goodbye.”)
     What did you say to the police?

    14
    Reported statements
     Pay attention to the changes mentioned before.
     'That‘ can be omited with “TELL & SAY”:
    She told him that he was a fool.
    She told him he was a fool.
    She said that I was right
    She said I was right
     Remember not to use inverted commas.
     Observe that when you use TELL, you must
    mention “the person you’re speaking to”
    John said: “Ann, I’m very happy.”
    John told Ann that he was very happy.
    Reported commands
    Same basic changes as statements

    Basic introductory verb: TELL

    The IMPERATIVE verbal form turns into


    TO + “INFINITIVE” (Affirmative)
    NOT + TO + “INFINITIVE” (Negative)

    Examples.-
    • “Come here” He told me  He told me to go there
    • Father: "Do your homework!“  Father told me to do
    my homework.
    • Teacher. "Don't talk to your mate!"  The teacher told
    me not to talk to my mate.
    Reporting negative orders,
    promises, advices…..
    In negative orders, promises,
    requests,etc, we use the structure:

    not + to-infinitive
    Some reporting verbs.
    Changes of pronouns

     In reported speech, we usually need to change the


    pronouns (e.g. I, you, me, this, these, etc) and
    possessive adjectives (e.g. my, your, etc).
     We usually change the pronouns from :

    1st person (I, me) 3rd person


    2nd person (you, your) (we, us)
    • However we do not need to change the
    1st person pronoun I when the speaker is reporting
    his/her own words.
    EXERCISES:
    1. “I’m going out now, but I’ll be in by nine”, he said.
    2. “I can’t live on my basic salary”, said Peter. “I’ll have
    to offer to do overtime.”
    3. “We are waiting for the school bus”, said the
    children. “It is late again.”
    4. “The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on”, said
    Tom. “I’ll look for my skates when I get home”, Ann
    said.
    5. “Don’t lend Harry any money”, said Lucy. “He never
    pays his debts.”
    6. “Get into the right lane”, said the driving instructor.

    20
     The following sentences are direct speech:

    Don’t Don’t wait for Please slow down!


    worry, me if I’m late.
    Sue.

    Now choose one of these to complete each


    sentence below. Use the reported speech.
    1) Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked…..
    2) I didn’t want to delay Ann, so I told…
    3) Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I
    told….
    21
     Complete the sentences with SAY or TELL.

    1. Ann …. goodbye to me and left.


    2. …. us about your holidays. Did you have a nice time?
    3. Jack …. me that he was fed up with his job.
    4. Don’t …. anybody what I …. It’s a secret just between
    us.
    5. George couldn’t help me. He …. me to ask Kate.
    6. George couldn’t help me. He …. to ask Kate.
    7. I wonder where Sue is. She …. she would be here at 8
    o’clock.
    8. The doctor …. that I should rest for at least a week.


    22

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