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Chapter 1: Philosophical Perspective of The Self

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Irene Bad Yano

This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates and Plato viewed the self as an immortal soul, while Aristotle saw it as composed of a vegetative, sentient, and rational soul. Descartes believed the self is both a thinking entity and a physical body. Hume argued there is no self, only perceptions. Kant said we construct our own reality and self. Freud saw the self as having conscious, unconscious and preconscious layers.

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Chapter 1: Philosophical Perspective of The Self

Uploaded by

Irene Bad Yano
53 views15 pages
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates and Plato viewed the self as an immortal soul, while Aristotle saw it as composed of a vegetative, sentient, and rational soul. Descartes believed the self is both a thinking entity and a physical body. Hume argued there is no self, only perceptions. Kant said we construct our own reality and self. Freud saw the self as having conscious, unconscious and preconscious layers.

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This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates and Plato viewed the self as an immortal soul, while Aristotle saw it as composed of a vegetative, sentient, and rational soul. Descartes believed the self is both a thinking entity and a physical body. Hume argued there is no self, only perceptions. Kant said we construct our own reality and self. Freud saw the self as having conscious, unconscious and preconscious layers.

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53 views15 pages

Chapter 1: Philosophical Perspective of The Self

Uploaded by

Irene Bad Yano
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self from thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, Churchland, and Merleau-Ponty. Socrates and Plato viewed the self as an immortal soul, while Aristotle saw it as composed of a vegetative, sentient, and rational soul. Descartes believed the self is both a thinking entity and a physical body. Hume argued there is no self, only perceptions. Kant said we construct our own reality and self. Freud saw the self as having conscious, unconscious and preconscious layers.

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Chapter 1: Philosophical

Perspective of the Self


Philosophical
Perspective

An Anthropological Sociological
Conceptualization of Perspective: The
Self: The Self as Self as a Product
Embedded in Culture of Society

Who am I?

SELF
The Self in
Psychological What am I?
Western Thought
Perspective and Eastern
Thought
Learning Outcomes
• Explain the role of philosophy in understanding the concept of self
• Discuss the different concepts of the self from the philosophical perspective
• Differentiate the various concepts of the self and identify their similarities
• Develop your own philosophy of the self
SOCRATES
• Suggest that the self is synonymous with the soul
• Believes that every human possesses an immortal soul that survives the physical
body
• An unexamined life is not worth living
• Introspection – a method of examining one’s thought and emotions to gain self-
knowledge
PLATO
• The self is an immortal soul
• The 3 elements of the soul/self are reason, physical appetite, and spirit or
passion.
• Reason is the divine essence that enables people to think deeply, make wise
choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
• The physical appetite includes the basic biological needs
• Spirit or passion includes the basic emotions.
Aristotle
• The soul is the essence of the self.
• Suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and
fulfilling life.
• The vegetative soul includes physical body that can grow.
• Sentient soul includes sensual desires, feelings and emotions.
• Rational soul is what makes man human. It includes the intellect that allows
man to know and understand things.
St. AUGUSTINE
• The self has an immortal soul.
• Believes that the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire and
complete.
• He believes that the soul is what governs and defines man.
RENE DESCARTES
• The Father of Modern Philosphy
• “I think therefore I am”. Being self-conscious is a proof that there is self.
• Suggests that the act of thinking about the self or being self conscious is proof
that there is a self.
• There are 2 dimensions of the human self: the self as as thinking entity and the
self as a physical body.
JOHN LOCKE
• The human mind at birth is “tabula rasa” or blank slate.
• The self is consciousness.
• Believes that conscious awareness and memory of previous experience are the
keys to understanding the self
• Believes that the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a
thinking, reasoning and reflecting identity.
David Hume
• There is no self.
• Believes that what people experience is just a bundle or collection of different
perceptions.
• The idea of personal identity is a result of imagination and that if the person
carefully examines his sense experience through the process of introspection, he
will discover that there is no self.
Immanuel Kant
• We construct the self
• The self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar and
predictable.
Sigmund Freud
• The self is multilayered. Believes that the self consists 3 layers: conscious,
unconscious and preconscious.
GILBERT RYLE
• The self is the way people behave
• Believes that the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or
disposition in a certain way in certain circumstances.
PAUL CHURCHLAND
• The self is the brain.
• Advocates the idea of eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is
inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
• All knowledge about the self is based on the “phenomena” of experience.

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