This document discusses morphology and the structure of words in language. It covers several key points:
1. Words are made up of individual units called morphemes, including roots, prefixes, suffixes, and other bound and free morphemes. Morphemes are combined according to rules of word formation.
2. There are two main types of morphology - derivational morphology changes word meaning and part of speech, while inflectional morphology indicates grammatical concepts like tense, number, case.
3. All languages have systematic rules for combining morphemes hierarchically into complex words. Speakers mentally decompose words into their constituent morpheme structures.
This document discusses morphology and the structure of words in language. It covers several key points:
1. Words are made up of individual units called morphemes, including roots, prefixes, suffixes, and other bound and free morphemes. Morphemes are combined according to rules of word formation.
2. There are two main types of morphology - derivational morphology changes word meaning and part of speech, while inflectional morphology indicates grammatical concepts like tense, number, case.
3. All languages have systematic rules for combining morphemes hierarchically into complex words. Speakers mentally decompose words into their constituent morpheme structures.
This document discusses morphology and the structure of words in language. It covers several key points:
1. Words are made up of individual units called morphemes, including roots, prefixes, suffixes, and other bound and free morphemes. Morphemes are combined according to rules of word formation.
2. There are two main types of morphology - derivational morphology changes word meaning and part of speech, while inflectional morphology indicates grammatical concepts like tense, number, case.
3. All languages have systematic rules for combining morphemes hierarchically into complex words. Speakers mentally decompose words into their constituent morpheme structures.
This document discusses morphology and the structure of words in language. It covers several key points:
1. Words are made up of individual units called morphemes, including roots, prefixes, suffixes, and other bound and free morphemes. Morphemes are combined according to rules of word formation.
2. There are two main types of morphology - derivational morphology changes word meaning and part of speech, while inflectional morphology indicates grammatical concepts like tense, number, case.
3. All languages have systematic rules for combining morphemes hierarchically into complex words. Speakers mentally decompose words into their constituent morpheme structures.
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Morphology: The
Words of Language The Words of Languages mon > In the spoken language there are no pauses between most words. tue So when you hear a sentence in a language you don’t know, you wed won’t be able to tell where one words aneds and the next begins. > A apeaker of English has no difficulty in segmenting the stream thu of sounds into six individual words (the, cat, sat, on, the, and mat). fri > Most English speakers can pick up out all of the words un Thecatsatonthemat because they can identify all those words. Content Words and Function Words mon > Content words is the the words that deliver of conceptual tue meaning. Examples: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. wed * Content words are called the open class because can regularly add new words to these classes, such ass Bollywood, blog, dis, etc thu > Function words is specify grammatical meaning relations and fri have little or no semantic content. Examples: articles, prepositions, conjunctions,etc. * Sometimes are called the closed class that to be new function words are very rarely added to a language. Morphemes mon > Morpheme is the linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form. tue
A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes:
wed one morpheme boy desire thu morph (“to change form”) two morphemes boy + ish desire + able fri morph + ology three morphemes boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity four morphemes gentle + man + li + ness un + desire + able + ity more than four un + gentle + man + li + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism
> Morphology is the study of the structure of words and the rules for word formation. Bound and Free Morphemes mon > Prefixes is bound morphomes that attach to the beginning of a tue root. Thus, un-, pre- (premeditate, prejudge), and bi- wed (bipolar,bisexual) are prefixes. Examples: untie, unpredictable. thu
fri > Suffixes is bound morphomes that attach to the end of root. English examples of suffix morphemes are –ing, -er, -ist, -ly, to mention only a few. Examples: kindness, sleeping, novelist, singer, manly. Bound and Free Morphemes mon > Infixes is morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes. tue Bontoc, spoken in the Philippines, is such a language, as illustrated wed by the following: Nouns/Adjectives Verbs thu fikas “strong” fumikas “to be strong” kilad “red” kumilad “to be red” fri fusul “enemy” fumusul “to be an enemy”
> Circumfixes is morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme
both initially and finally. These are sometimes called discontinuous morphemes. In Chickasaw (USA), Affirmative Negative chokma “he is good” ik + chokm + o “he isn’t good” lakna “it is yellow” ik + lakn + o “it isn’t yellow” Roots and Stems mon > Roots is the morpheme base upon which other morphemes are tue attached to create complex words. wed Example: un-love-able > Stems is once an affix has been attached to a root the result is thu called a stem to which more morphemes may be attached. fri Example: un-loveable root Chomsky (proper) noun stem Chomsky + ite noun + suffix word Chomsky + ite + s noun + suffix + suffix
> Affixes is morphemes which attach to roots and stems.
Example: un-love-able Rules of Word Formation mon 1. Derivational morphology change the meaning and or part of speech of a root. Bound morphemes are called Derivational tue morphemes. wed Noun to Adjective Verb to Noun Adjective to Adverb boy + -ish acquitt + -al exact + -ly virtu + -ous clear + -ance thu Elizabeth + -an accus + -ation pictur + -esque sing + -er fri affection + -ate conform + -ist
Noun to Verb Adjective to Noun Verb to Adjective
moral + -ize tall + -ness read + -able vaccin + -ate specific + -ity creat + -ive
2. Inflectional Mophology have only grammatical function
(similar to function words) and never change the part of speech of the root. Examples: waited, waits, waiting 2. Inflectional Mophology have only grammatical function (similar mon to function words) and never change the part of speech of the root. Examples: waited, waits, waiting tue English Inflectional Morphemes Examples wed -s third-person singular present She wait-s at home. -ed past tense She wait-ed at home. thu -ing progressive She is eat-ing the donut. -en past participle Mary has eat-en the donuts. -s plural She ate the donut-s. fri -’s possessive Disa’s hair is short. -er comparative Disa has short-er hair than Karin. -est superlative Disa has the short-est hair. Hierarchical Structure of Words mon > Morphemes are added in a fixed order. This order reflects tue the hierarchical structure of the word. wed
> In order to represent the hierarchical organization of words (and
thu sentences), linguists use tree diagrams. The tree diagram for fri unsystematic. Other Morphological Processes mon > Back-formations is a new word may enter the languages because of an incorrect morphological analysis. tue Examples: pease -> pea television -> televise wed editor -> edit thu > Compounds is two or more words may be joined to make a form new (new word). fri Examples: Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bittersweet poorhouse whitewash Noun headstrong homework spoonfeed Verb — pickpocket sleepwalk Pullet Surprises mon > We can use our knowledge of morphemes and morphological rules to guess the meaning of words we don’t know. tue
> The creativity of these students is illustrated in the following
wed examples: Word Student’s Definition thu deciduous “able to make up one’s mind” longevity “being very tall” fri fortuitous “well protected” gubernatorial “to do with peanuts” bibliography “holy geography” adamant “pertaining to original sin” diatribe “food for the whole clan” polyglot “more than one glot” gullible “to do with sea birds” homogeneous “devoted to home life” Sign Language Morphology mon > Like spoken languages, signs belong to grammatical categories. tue They have root and affix morphemes, free and bound morphemes, wed lexical content and grammatical morphemes, derivational and inflectional morphemes, and morphological rules for their thu combination to form morphologically complex signs. fri
> like spoken languages, sign languages have rules for combining morphemes to make complex signs. Morphologycal Analysis mon > Speakers of a language have knowledge of the internal structure tue of a word because their mental grammars include a mental lexicon wed of morphemes and the morphological rules for their combination. Of course, mistakes are made while thu learning, but these are quickly remedied. fri
Download A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Sanskrit Greek and Latin Languages Volume 2 1st Edition August Schleicher ebook All Chapters PDF
Download A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Sanskrit Greek and Latin Languages Volume 2 1st Edition August Schleicher ebook All Chapters PDF
