Linguistics Review - CDE
Linguistics Review - CDE
Linguistics Review - CDE
• Level 1: Segmental
(what you say)
• Level 2: Suprasegmental
(how you say something)
Phonetics or Phonology?
It is an abstract study It is a concrete study
(phonology) (phonetics)
They constitute the concept of a They are real audible sounds as they
sound regarding meaning. are pronounced.
Phoneme
Phonemes and Allophones
The phoneme /k/ has two
possible pronunciations in
English:
Minimal Pair
For example:
"bat" and "but" are two different words because they have two different
phonemes.
Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language that cannot be broken
into smaller parts. A word can be composed of one or more morphemes.
• Acoustic phonetics
studies the physical properties of speech sounds.
Articulatory Phonetics
• Articulatory Phonetics is the study of how speech
sounds are produced in the vocal tract
•Places of Articulation:
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Interdental
4. Alveolar
5. (Alveo)palatal
6. Velar
7. Uvular
8. Glottal
Consonants and Vowels
• The sounds of all languages fall into two classes: Consonants and
Vowels.
• Consonants are produced with some restriction or closure of the
vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs.
• In phonetics, the terms Consonant and Vowel refer to types of
sounds, not to the letters that represent them.
Consonants
• When linguists describe consonant sounds, they us three
criteria:
Voicing: Do the vocal cords vibrate or not?
Voiced Voiceless
The vocal cords vibrate The vocal cords apart
• The air stream from the lungs passes through an opening between the vocal cords, the glottis
• If the vocal cords are apart and the airstream is not obstructed at the glottis, the sounds
produced this way are voiceless.
• If the vocal cords are together and the airstream forces its way through, the vocal cords vibrate
and the sounds produced this way are voiced
VOICING
• If you put a finger in each ear and say “zzzzz” you can
feel the vibrations.
• If you put a finger in each ear and say “sssss” you will
not feel any vibration.
• When you whisper, you are actually making all the
speech sounds voiceless.
Place of Articulation: LABIALS
• [b], [p], [m], [f] and [v] are labials
Lateral: [l]
Retroflex: [r]
Place of Articulation: PALATALS
• [S], [Z], [tS]
Lip rounding
Tenseness / laxness
Source