Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 39 views

    Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    sjamuthaiah
    This document discusses key concepts in digital image processing including: 1) Elements of visual perception such as the structure of the eye, rods and cones, image formation, brightness, and optical illusions. 2) Image sensing and acquisition using sensors, illumination, reflectance, and a simple image formation model. 3) Image sampling, quantization, representation, resolution, and reducing spatial resolution and gray levels. 4) Basic relationships between pixels including neighbors, adjacency, regions, boundaries, edges, and distance measures. 5) An introduction to mathematical tools used in digital image processing including linear operations, arithmetic operations, set operations, transforms, and probabilistic methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    sjamuthaiah
    39 views58 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in digital image processing including: 1) Elements of visual perception such as the structure of the eye, rods and cones, image formation, brightness, and optical illusions. 2) Image sensing and acquisition using sensors, illumination, reflectance, and a simple image formation model. 3) Image sampling, quantization, representation, resolution, and reducing spatial resolution and gray levels. 4) Basic relationships between pixels including neighbors, adjacency, regions, boundaries, edges, and distance measures. 5) An introduction to mathematical tools used in digital image processing including linear operations, arithmetic operations, set operations, transforms, and probabilistic methods.

    Original Title

    chap2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses key concepts in digital image processing including: 1) Elements of visual perception such as the structure of the eye, rods and cones, image formation, brightness, and optical illusions. 2) Image sensing and acquisition using sensors, illumination, reflectance, and a simple image formation model. 3) Image sampling, quantization, representation, resolution, and reducing spatial resolution and gray levels. 4) Basic relationships between pixels including neighbors, adjacency, regions, boundaries, edges, and distance measures. 5) An introduction to mathematical tools used in digital image processing including linear operations, arithmetic operations, set operations, transforms, and probabilistic methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    39 views58 pages

    Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    sjamuthaiah
    This document discusses key concepts in digital image processing including: 1) Elements of visual perception such as the structure of the eye, rods and cones, image formation, brightness, and optical illusions. 2) Image sensing and acquisition using sensors, illumination, reflectance, and a simple image formation model. 3) Image sampling, quantization, representation, resolution, and reducing spatial resolution and gray levels. 4) Basic relationships between pixels including neighbors, adjacency, regions, boundaries, edges, and distance measures. 5) An introduction to mathematical tools used in digital image processing including linear operations, arithmetic operations, set operations, transforms, and probabilistic methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 58

    Digital Image Processing

    Chapter 2: Digital Image


    Fundamentals
    Elements of Visual Perception

     Structure
    of the
    human
    eye
     Rods and cones in the retina
     Image formation in the eye
     Brightness adaptation and
    discrimination
     Brightness discrimination
     Weber ratio
     Perceived
    brightness
     Simultaneous contrast
     Optical
    illusion
    Light and the Electromagnetic
    Spectrum
     Wavelength
    c
    

    E  h
    Image Sensing and Acquisition
     Image acquisition using a single
    sensor
     Using
    sensor
    strips
     A simple
    image
    formation
    model
     Illumination and reflectance
     Illumination and transmissivity

    f ( x, y )  i ( x, y ) r ( x, y )
    Image Sampling and Quantization
     Sampling
    and
    quantization
     Representing digital images
     Saturation and noise
     Number of storage bits
     Spatial and gray-level resolution
     Subsampled
    and resampl
    ed
     Reducing
    spatial
    resolution
     Varying
    the
    number
    of gray
    levels
     Varying t
    he numb
    er of gra
    y levels
     N and k in different-details images
     Isopreference
     Interpolations
     Zooming
    and
    shrinking
    Some Basic Relationships Between
    Pixels

     Neighbors of a pixel
     N 4 ( p ) : 4-neighbors of p
    ( x  1, y ) , ( x  1, y ) , ( x, y  1) , ( x, y  1)

    N D ( p ) : four diagonal neighbors of p


    ( x  1, y  1) , ( x  1, y  1) , ( x  1, y  1) ,
    ( x  1, y  1)
    N 8 ( p ) : 8-neighbors of p
    N 4 ( p ) and N D ( p )
     Adjacency

    V : The set of gray-level values used
    to define adjacency
     4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with
    values from V are 4-adjacency if q is in
    the set N 4 ( p )
     8-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with
    values from V are 8-adjacency if q is in
    the set N 8 ( p )
     m-adjacency (mixed adjacency): Two
    pixels p and q with values from V are
    m-adjacency if
     q is in N 4 ( p ), or
     q is in N ( p )and the set N ( p )  N ( q )
    D 4 4
    has no pixels whose values are from V
     Subset adjacency
     S1 and S2 are adjacent if some pixel in
    S1 is adjacent to some pixel in S2
     Path
     A path from p with coordinates ( x, y ) to
    pixel q with coordinates ( s, t ) is a
    sequence of distinct pixels with
    coordinates
     ( x , y ), ( x , y ) ,…, ( xn , y n )
    0 0 1 1
    where ( x0 , y0 )= ( x, y ) , ( xn , yn ) = ( s, t ) ,
    and pixels ( xi , yi ) and ( xi 1 , yi 1 ) are
    adjacent
     Region
     We call R a region of the image if R is a
    connected set
     Boundary
     The boundary of a region R is the set of
    pixels in the region that have one or
    more neighbors that are not in R
     Edge
     Pixels with derivative values that
    exceed a preset threshold
     Distance measures
     Euclidean distance
    1
    De ( p, q )  [( x  s ) 2  ( y  t ) ]
    2 2

     City-block distance
    D4 ( p, q) | ( x  s ) |  | ( y  t ) |

     Chessboard distance
    D8 ( p, q)  max(| ( x  s ) |, | ( y  t ) |)
     Dm distance: The shortest m-path
    between the points
    An Introduction to the Mathematical
    Tools Used in Digital Image Processing

     Linear operation
     H is said to be a linear operator if, for
    any two images f and g and any two
    scalars a and b,

    H (af  bg )  aH ( f )  bH ( g )
     Arithmetic
    operations
     Addition
     Arithmetic op
    erations
     Subtraction
     Digital
    subtraction
    angiography
     Shading correction
     Image multiplication
     Set operations
     Complements
     Logical
    operations
     Single-
    pixel
    operations
     Neighborhood
    operations
     Affine transformations
     Inverse mapping
     Registration
     Vector
    operations
     Image transforms
     Fourier transform
     Probabilistic methods

    You might also like