Improved production technologies

for rabi pulses in Jammu region

Dr. Brij Nandan

Sr. scientist (Agronomy) & PI (QSP ,NFSM)
Councillor Zone -1 ISPRD, FISPRD
PRSS, Samba , SKUAST-Jammu
Bmankotia333 @ gmail.com
09419234393
 Contents
• General Overview of Pulses
• Status of pulses in J&K and Jammu region
• Nutritional Aspects of pulses
• Improved production technologies of rabi
pulses
 Selection of suitable varieties
 Crop geometry
 Compatibility of rabi pulses with other crops
 Recent weed management options
 Trends in nutrition & water management aspects
 Effect of climate change on rabi pulses cultivation
 Mechanization of aspects in rabi pulses
 Global Status : Major Pulses Producing
Countries
Area Production Yield
Countries
(m. ha) (m.ton) (Kg/ha)

India 28.17 18.31 710

Myanmar 3.88 5.44 1398

Brazil 2.85 2.95 1032

China 2.87 4.46 1550

Canada 2.42 6.10 2520

Australia 1.92 2.70 1410

USA 1.09 2.23 2038

Others 37.55 29.88 796

Total 80.75 73.07 904

Percentage Share of Different Countries
in global pulse production
% share of individual pulse in total production

Other Rabi Pulses;

13; 13% Arhar; 21; 21%
Other Kharif Pulses;
4; 4%

Urad; 13; 13%

Gram; 41; 41%

Moong; 9; 9%

5
World Pulse Production

22.4 mt in 2016-17

6
Present Status of Pulses in India

• All time record pulses production of 22.4 million tonnes is

estimated during 2016-17 as per 3rd advance estimate. The
previous highest pulses production of 19.25 million tonnes was
attained in the year 2013-14.
• The major pulses producing states are Madhya Pradesh (27.1%),
Maharashtra (16.4%), Rajasthan (13.3%), Uttar Pradesh (9.7%),
Karnataka (6.6%), and Andhra Pradesh (4.7%), Gujarat (3.7%),
which together accounts for 81.5 % of the total production
during 2016-17.
• Among pulses, gram alone contributes 40.5% of total pulses
production in the country followed by arhar (20.5%), urd bean
(13.1%), moong bean (9.2%) and other pulses (16.7%).
• As on 28.7.2107, about 11.4 million hectare have been covered
under kharif pulses, which is 7% more than 2016-17 for this
period.
Growth rate of major crops 2001-2010
 Import & Export of Pulses

Imports of Pulses
2009-10 2010-11

Quantity Value Quantity Value

(‘000 tons) (Crores) (‘000 tons) (Crores)

3509.58 9813.37 2591.25 6979.95

Exports of Pulses
2009-10 2010-11
Quantity Value Quantity Value
(‘000 tons) (Crores) (‘000 tons) (Crores)
99.91 407.35 205.69 852.79

Source: Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry

of Commerce, Kolkata
Area under important pulse crops in different states

Major Crops Major States

Crop Area %) State Production (%)

Chickpea 40 Maharashtra 16
Pigeon pea 13 M.P. 26
Green gram 12 Rajasthan 13
Black gram 12 U.P. 9
A.P 8
78% of Total area 70% of Total Production
 Share of Rabi & Kharif Pulses -
2013-14

Area (M. Ha) Production (M. Tons Yield (Kg/Ha)

Kharif
6.02
Kharif
10.14

Rabi 31%
Rabi Kharif
15.08 13.25
40% Rabi 594

60% 69%
878
Pulses- Productivity in Different States
State Highest State Lowest
productivity productivity
(Kg/ha) (Kg/ha)

Kerala 2515 Tamil Nadu 495

HP 1165 Odisha 533

Jharkhand 1005 J & K 497

MP 938 Assam 576
Bihar 974 Karnataka 595
765  
All India
Trends of Area, Production and Productivity of Pulses in J&K State w.e.f
1980-81 to 2009-10
 Area and production of pulses in Jammu Division of J&K

Year Area (000 Production Average

Hect.) (000 Qtls) Yield
(q/ha)
2010-11 18.80 109
5.80
2011-12 17.68 71
4.02
2012-13 17.03 74.49 4.37
2013-14 15.42 69.29
4.49
2014-15 16.11 61.69
3.83
 Status of pulses in Jammu region
District Area Production
Jammu 5.590 56.68
Samba 2.991 70% 65% 2.14
Kathua 4.053 12.40
Udhampur 2.102 11.27
Reasi 0.415 2.13
Rajouri 0.213 14.23
Poonch 0.028 8.75
Doda 2.179 0
Kishtwar 1.233 1.06
Ramban 0.000 0.19
Total 18.803 108.85
Statistics of rabi pulses grown in J&K during 2011-12

Crop Area(000’ ha) Production Productivity

(000’ tonnes) (Kg/ha)

Chickpea 0.2 0.1 500

Lentil 0.5 0.3 613
Peas 0.2 0.1 500

(IIPR website)
 WHY PULSES ?
Pulses Integral Part
Cropping System
Human and animal Diet,
Sustainability
 Role of Pulses in Nutrition
Sl. No. Constituents Magnitudes
1. Protein >20-%
2. Carbohydrate 55 – 60%
3. Fat >1.0%
4. Fiber 3.2%
5. Phosphorus 300-500 mg/100 g
6. Iron 7-10mg/100 g
7. Vitamin C 10-15 mg/100 g
Dietary fibre, Vitamin B Complex, Minerals ( Calcium,
Magnesium, Zinc & Iron), Excellent source of folate
Oligosaccharides, Various phytochemicals
Per capita net availability of Pulses (Kg per annum) in India

Year Pulses availability

1951 22.1
1961 25.2
1971 18.7
1981 13.7
1991 15.2
2001 10.9
2011 15.7
2012 15.2
2013 15.9
Source: Agri. Statistics at a glance 2013

WHO Recommendations of 80
grams/capita/day (29.2 kg/capita/year)
 Demand Projections of Pulses

Item/Year 2015 2020 2025

Pulses 21.31 24.26 29.43

 NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION(NFSM)
2014-15 (12th Five Year Plan)

National Food Security Mission

in the J&K State
 5 components ( Only 4 components are under Implementation
)
 NFSM- Rice (Under Implementation since 2011-12)
 NFSM- Wheat (Under Implementation since 2012-13)
 NFSM-Coarse Cereals ( Under Implementation from the Current
Year 2014-15)
 NFSM- Pulses (Under Implementation from the ensuing Rabi -
2014-15)
 NFSM- Commercial Crops ( Not Covered in J&K State)
Rabi pulses

Lentil

Chickpea
 Production Constraints in rabi pulses Cultivation

• Inadequate supply of quality seeds and low

SRR
• Less input use
• Mostly cultivated under rainfed conditions
• Biotic and abiotic stresses
• Technological gap
• Lack of attractive Market Price (recently MSP
has been enhanced upto 30%)
• Lack of proper procurement
• Poor storage facilities of the farm produce
 Strategies to increase pulse production

Germplasm enhancement
Restructuring plant types
Wide hybridization
Multiple disease & pest resistance
Development of Drought & heat tolerance
Development of short duration varieties
Exploitation of molecular marker technology
Transgenic approach
Promotion of pulses in new niches
For What these parameters are required ------
 Yield gap (kg/ha) in irrigated
and rainfed pulses (1999-2000)
Crops Irrigated 114
Rainfed
Chickpea 586 472
Pigeonpea 640 624
Mungbean 562 533
Urdbean 566 492
Horsegram 525 498

Ramasamy & Selvaraj,2002

 Rabi pulses improved technologies
Land configuration




Enhances crop establishment in rainfed areas


Seed priming


Integrated nutrient management


Application of sulphur, Zn and Iron fortification in pulses


Irrigation management


Weed management


Use of new strains of PGPR


Cropping systems
Seed drill in operation at farmer’s field and
view of seed drill sown germinated crop
 Field inspections/Monitoring by worthy Director
Research , SKUAST-Jammu

Field pea
Lentil PL-6 VL- 42

Chickpea
GNG-1581 PU-31
 High yielding varieties developed in the
country since 1992

Total 316 (34)

Chickpea 89 (8) Lentil 22(6)

Pigeonpea 36 (1) Fieldpea 23 (5)

Mungbean 60 (6) Rajmash 4 (3)

Urdbean 44 (5) Others 38

* Numbers in parenthesis indicate varieties released from IIPR

 Pulse Production System In India
NHZ (North Hill Zone)
– Himanchal Pradesh, J & K,
Hills of Uttarakhand and
NEH states

NWPZ (North West Plain Zone)

– Panjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Delhi, West U.P., Plains of
Uttarakhand

CZ (Central Zone) – M.P.,

Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh,
Gujarat, Bundelkhand
region of U.P

NEPZ (North East Plain Zone)

– East U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand,
SZ (South Zone) West Bengal, Assam
– Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu,
 Biotic factors associated with pulses production

Diseases 26% Insects 20%,

Weeds account for 33 %

• Among the annual agricultural losses in India, weeds account for 33 %, insects 20%, diseases
26% and others 21 %. The annual economic losses account for Rs. 2000 crores in the country
( Kulshrestha and Parmer, 1992). Bhan (1997) estimated that average crop yield reduction
due to weeds vary from 12 to 72 % depending upon the crop
 Pulse varieties developed for

Specific niches
Different maturity groups
Diseases resistance
Abiotic stress tolerance
Seed size
 Improving heat tolerance in chickpea
(2009/10 to 2012/13)

Increasing incidence of heat stress in chickpea

• Increasing area under late sown conditions
• Fluctuations and increase in temperatures due to climate change
• Large shift in chickpea area from northern India to Southern India
Large genetic variation for heat tolerance in chickpea

Sensitive

Tolerant
 What more is needed?
• Availability of quality seed
- Linking formal & non-formal seed sector
- Involve Agro-entrepreneurs in seed supply chain
- Village Seed Banks/Farmer cooperatives
• Supply micronutrients
- Link farmer groups with industry/ suppliers
- Soil testing facilities and Soil Health Cards
• Procurement of grain
- Remunerative prices to farmers
- Timely procurement (at harvest)
• Helicoverpa resistance and herbicide tolerance
(Transgenics)
• Suitability for mechanical cultivation
 Salient achievement of Seed System project

• Farmer-preferred varieties of
chickpea, groundnut and
pigeonpea identified for each
location through FPVS trials
• ‘Model’ seed production
system(s) identified for each
location
• Availability of improved seed
enhanced at the local level
 Yield loss due to weeds in pulses
Crop Yield loss (%)
Pigeonpea 20-40
Mungbean 25-50
Urdbean 30-50
Cowpea 15-30
Chickpea 15-25
Pea 20-30
Lentil 20-30
 Critical period of weed competition in different
pulses
Crops and cropping systems Critical periods
 Sole crops
Pigeonpea 45-60 DAS
Greengram 15-30 DAS
Blackgram 15-30 DAS
Cowpea 15-30 DAS
Chickpea 30-60 DAS
Pea 30-45 DAS
 Intercropping
Sorghum + pigeonpea 7 WAS
Pigeonpea + blackgram 2-8 WAS
Groundnut + pipeonpea 2-8 WAS
Maize + blackgram 4-5 WAS
Pigeonpea + sesamum 2-6 WAS
Chickpea + mustard 8 WAS

(Source: Mishra 1997; Tewari 1999)

 Recommendation (National level )
• Pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 % ready
mix combination @ 1.0 kg/ha PE + one
hoeing/HW at 35 DAS is recommended for
broad spectrum weed control at Ludhiana,
Samba, Badnapur and Bangalore.
 Samba

Ludhiana

Badanapur

Bangalore
 Conservation technology
Maize –chickpea cropping system
New herbicide molecules –weed management ---Villore
Weed management under CA

Without Mulch
With Mulch
 Herbicides recommended for pulses.
Crop Herbicide Dose (kg a.i./ha) Application time
Chickpea, Pea, Lentil Pendimethalin 1.0 Pre-emergence
Fluchloralin 1.0 Pre-plant
Trifluralin 1.0 incorporation
Pre-plant
incorporation

Bio-efficacy of different herbicides for broad The treatments Pendimethalin 30 EC formulation +

spectrum weed management in chickpea Imazethyper 2% (Ready mix combination) @ 1.0 Kg/ha PE +
one hoeing at 30-35 DAS followed by same treatment except
hand hoeing at 30-35 DAS was showing good results till date in
respect of weed control than other treatments under study .

Weed management options for small and marginal farmers

•Crop rotation
•Planting density
•Slashing of weeds in inter-row space
•Superficial weeding (hoeing)
•Pulling out, and/or slashing even at crop maturity and post-harvest to prevent seed production
•Green manures/cover crops and crop residues
•Herbicide application
 Major weeds associated with pulses
Season Type of weeds Name of weeds

Rabi Non Chenopodium album, Solanum

pulses -grasses nigrum, Anagallis arvensis, Vicia
Grasses sativa, Fumaria parviflora,
Sedges Asphodelus tenuifolius,
Convolvulus, Melilotus indica,
Medicago denticulate
Phalaris minor, Avena
ludoviciana
Cyperus rotundus
Manual Weeding - ?

Shortage of labour

Timeliness

Cost

Input loss
•Cultural means of weed control
Crop rotation
Selection of good crop rotation is must to prevent development of diverse weed
population in the RCT fields. Crop that grows fast and can compete with the weeds very
well should be included in the cropping systems either as sole cropping or
intercropping.
Optimum plant population
Right quantity of seed rate is must to develop good crop stand which is necessary to
obtain a good crop yield. The crop geometry is also important. Thus, crop geometry
with optimum plant population can compete better with weeds and do not leave space
for weeds to grow.

Intercropping
Intercropping has been found to suppress the weeds through formation of good canopies due to
competitive planting pattern and thus provided an opportunity to utilize intercropping system as a
tool of weed management (Rao and Shetty, 1976). The suppression of weed growth in
intercropping system is mainly due to increased leaf area index and light interaction. Inclusion of
short duration and quick growing intercrops in the rows of long duration and tall growing crops has
been found to suppress the weed infestation resulting in considerable saving of weeding
requirement in base crops.
Intercropping
 Farmers getting good
yield from weed free
crop

Weed free crop Dr. Brij Nandan

inspecting th e FLD
crop
Dr. N.P Singh Director ,IIPR, Kanpur
,Inspecting theChickpea crop at
Farmers field in Village NUD

weedy check
 Mechanization options
for pulse cultivation
Use of Seed drill in pulses cultivation

Use of power sprayers

Use of wheel hoe

Use of rain gun to supplement moisture during stress
conditions

Use of harvesting machines

 Threshing through multicrop thresher

Sowing operations of rabi pulses with seed drill at farmers field
GNG-1581
Chickpea
GNG-1581
Chickpea

PL-6
Lentil

Field view of rabi pulses while

monitoring by PI

VL-42
Fieldpea
 Lentil Variety
PL-6 NALMOT at farmers
field

Field Pea Variety Field Pea Variety

VL-42 VL-42
 Enhancing profitability of pulses production
• Reducing cost of cultivation

• Promotion of market preferred cultivars

• Value addition and linking farmers to market
Threshing and winnowing of kharif pulses
through different means
EDUCATING FARMERS IN LEARNING BY DOING
WORKSHOP AT DEMONSTRATION BLOCK
 Impact of improved production technology on
productivity of pulses (Mean of FLD 1993-98)

Types of intervention No .of FLDs % increase in yield

Improved varieties 5210 30.34
Fertilizers 423 14.31
Weeds 280 21.01
79.97 %
Insects 386 26.08
Rhizobium culture 178 12.00
Irrigation 130 32.65

IIPR, 1998
 Minimum Support Price – Pulses
MOA&FW Monitoring
Team inspected
Crop 2007-08 2011-12
demonstrations of the 2013-14
project
Chickpea 1445 2800 3100
Arhar 1410 3200 4300
PI monitoring
Moong 1520 3500 4500 Mungbean crop
Internal monitoring
Urd
team monitoring 1700 3300 4300
demonstrations
Lentil 1545 2800 2950
Project team
educating the
farmers

Field pea crop at

faremers field

Field day
organization
Thanks for patience
Hearing