STONE

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A r. D E E K S H A S H A R M A
DIFFERENT STONE
CONSTRUCTION
TECHIQUE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF STONE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE.
P R O V E T H AT S T O N E I S S U C C E S S F U L
V E R N A C U L A R M AT E R I A L ?

STONE IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION

STONE MASONRY

The construction of stones bonded

together with mortar is termed as
stone masonry where the stones are
available in a abundance in nature,
on cutting and dressing to the
proper shape, they provide an
economical material for the
construction of various building
components such as walls,
columns, footings, arches, lintels,
beams etc.

DIFFERENT TYPE OF STONE MASONRY

USES OF STONE MASONRY

• Building foundations, walls,

piers, pillars, and architectural
works.
• Lintels, Beams, beams Arches,
domes etc.,
• Roofs and Roof coverings.
• Cladding Works
• Dams, light houses, monumental
structures.
• Paving jobs
• Railway, ballast, black boards
and electrical switch boards

USE OF STONE IN HOUSE

SELECTION OF
STONE FOR STONE
MASONRY:

• Availability
• Ease of working
• Appearance
• Strength and stability
• Polishing characteristics
• Economy
• Durability

SELECTION OF STONE
TYPES OF STONE
MASONRY:

Based on the arrangement of the

stone in the construction and
degree of refinement in the
surface finish, the stone masonry
can be classified broadly in the
following two categories.

1. Rubble masonry
2. Ashlar masonry

RUBBLE AND ASHLAR MASONRY

RUBBLE MASONRY:
In this category, the stones used are either
undressed or roughly dressed having wider
joints. This can be further subdivided as
uncoursed, coursed, random, dry, polygonal
and bint.
• Uncoursed rubble masonry: This is the
cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone
masonry. The stones used in this type of
masonry very much vary in their shape and
size and are directly obtained from quarry.
Uncoursed rubble masonry can be divided into
the following.

a) Uncoursed random rubble

RUBBLE MASONRY
b) Uncoursed squared rubble
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UNCOURSED RUBBLE
MASONRY
a) Uncoursed random rubble masonry: The
weak corners and edges are removed with
mason’s hammer. Generally, bigger stone
blocks are employed at quoins and jambs to
increase the strength of masonry.
b) Uncoursed squared rubble: In this type the
stone blocks are made roughly square with
hammer. Generally the facing stones are given
hammer-dressed finish. Large stones are used
as quoins. As far as possible the use of chips in
bedding is avoided.
UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY

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BUILT TO REGULAR
COURSE:

• In this type of stone masonry the uniform height

stones are used in horizontal layers not less than
13cm in height. Generally, the stone beds are
hammered or chisel dressed to a depth of at least
10cm from the face. The stones are arranged in
such a manner so that the vertical joints of two
consecutive curse do not coincide with each other.

REGULAR COURSE
POLYGONAL RUBBLE
MASONRY:

• In this type of masonry the stones are roughly dressed

to an irregular polygonal shape. The stones should be
so arranged as to avoid long vertical joints in face
work and to break joints as much as possible. Small
stone chips should not be used to support the stones
on the facing.

POLYGONAL RUBBLE MASONRY

FLINT RUBBLE
MASONRY:

• This type of masonry is used in the areas

where the flint is available in plenty. The
flint stones varying in thickness from 8 to
15cm and in length from 15 to 30cm are
arranged in the facing in the form of coursed
or uncoursed masonry.

FILNT RUBBLE MASONRY

DRY RUBBLE
MASONRY
• This type of masonry is used in the
construction of retaining walls pitching
earthen dams and canal slopes in the form
of random rubble masonry without any
mortar. The hallow spaces left around and
stones should be tightly packed with
smaller stone pieces as shown below.

DRY RUBBLE MASONRY

 ASHLAR MASONRY

• This type of masonry is built from accurately

dressed stones with uniform and fine joints of about
3mm thickness by arranging the stone blocks in
various patterns.
• The backing of Ashlar masonry walls may be built
of Ashlar masonry or rubble masonry. The size of
stones blocks should be in proportion to wall
thickness

ASHLAR MASONRY
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 ASHLAR MASONRY
• The various types of masonry can be classified
under the following categories are
1) Ashlar fine
2) Ashlar rough
3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced
4) Ashlar facing
5) Ashlar chamfered
6) Ashlar block in course

ASHLAR ROUGH
 KATH KUNI CONSTRUCTION
• Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated
hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where
it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". 
• The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography,
environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective.
Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system.
• The primary building materials employed in the construction are stone, wood
and slate. Stone, which is good in compression is used for foundational
purposes. The walls are made of stone and wood which are alternatively
stacked up, one over another. Wood which is good in compression and
tension are interlocked in the corners with other wooden members.
Deodar/Kali wood which is commonly available, is used as wall, flooring
and roofing members
• The construction typically involves laying courses whose outer layer
comprises random rubble masonry and wood, laid out alternately. The walls
are almost two feet thick in dimension and act as a cavity wall.  

Kath kuni wall construction

DHAJJI DEWARI 
• Dhajji Dewari system - a valid construction in seismic area
got its recognition after Kashmir earthquake in 2005. It is
quite prevalent in the earthquake prone areas of Jammu and
Kashmir.
• Significant earthquake resistance, cost effective, use of
indigenous available resources and skill, swift in construction
process makes it a selective choice for earthquake disaster re-
inhabitation. It is also referred in the Indian Standard Codes
as brick nogged timber frame construction. It has been in
practice for more than 200 years.
• Dhajji most commonly consists of a braced timber frame in
different patterns. The spaces left between the bracing and
frames is filled with a thin wall of stone or brick masonry
traditionally laid into mud mortar, so as to create a patchwork
of small size masonry panels. Completed walls are plastered Exploded view of full dhajji dewari model
in mud mortar. Dhajji buildings are typically 1-4 storeys tall
and the roof may be a flat timber and mud roof, or a pitched
roof with timber/metal sheeting.
 TROMBE WALL
• Trombe wall is a passive solar building design strategy that adopts
the concept of indirect-gain, where sunlight first strikes a solar energy
collection surface, thermal mass, which is located between the sun
and the space. The sunlight absorbed by the mass is converted to
thermal energy (heat) and then transferred into the living space.
• Trombe wall is a passive solar-heating system where the thermal
energy flows in the system by natural means such as radiation,
conduction, and natural convection. The greenhouse effect helps this
system by trapping the solar radiation between the glazing and the
thermal mass.
• Since Trombe walls are quite thick and made of high heat capacity
materials, the heat-flow from the warmer outer surface to inner
surface is slower than other materials with less heat capacity. This
property of the mass helps to heat the living space at the evenings as
well. So, if there is enough mass, the wall can act as a radiant heater
all night long. On the other hand, if the mass is too thick, it takes too
long to transmit the thermal energy it collects, thus, the living space
does not receive enough heat during the evening hours when it is
needed the most. Likewise, if the thermal mass is too thin, it transmits
the heat fast, resulting in overheating of the living space during the Trombe wall
day and little energy left for the evening.
 “ STONE IS
SUCCESSFUL
VERNACULAR
MATERIAL ?

KATH KUNI CONSTRUCTED WALL

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 STONE ARE GRADUALLY LOSING
THEIR UNIVERSAL USE AS A
BUILDING MATERIALS BECAUSE
OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS :
• Important buildings these days are being constructed of steel or
RCC, Concrete because of their being less bulky, stronger and
more durable.
• Strength of structures made of stones cannot be so rationally
analysed as of those made with steel and RCC.
• Suitable, durable and more easily workable alternative materials
are now available.
• Cast stone, sand faced rusticated bricks, furnace ware etc., can be
given archietectural treatment more easily and have therefore
overshadowed the use of stones.
• Stones are not cheaply and conveniently available in the plains.
• Dressing of stones is time-consuming and results in slow pace of
construction.
STONE USE IN MODERN HOUSE
 USES, STONES ARE
EXTENSIVELY USED FOR THE
FOLLOWING :
•  As stones ballast (broken stone) for railway track; for road construction ; for
preparing cement concrete required for foundations, flooring, hollow and solid
blocks, artificial stones and reinforced cement concrete.
• As crushed stone (stone dust) is used as a substitute for sand.
• As blocks in the construction of buildings; lintels; arches; walls; columns;
abutments and piers of bridges; in weirs and in dams etc., etc.
• As blocks and slabs for face work of buildings requiring architectural
treatment.
• As thin slabs for roofing and for flooring buildings and pavements.
• As lime stone, it is used in the manufacture of lime, cement and in various
other chemical processes.
• Thin slabs of impervious stones are used for laying Damp proof Courses in
buildings.

USES OF STONE IN HOUSE

 ADVANTAGES OF
BUILDING A STONE HOUSE
• Sustainability – Stone is a natural construction material, it does not require any other resource
to make it. This alone makes it very environment-friendly.

• Durable – Stone isresistant to water, fire, wind, and other natural factors that typically affect a
house. It does not mold and it is not prone to termites or majority of pests that attack a structure.
Basically, stone is damage free.

• Low maintenance – A stone house does not require extensive maintenance even over time. In
the long run, it only requires minimal cleaning, and its appearance and quality will still be the
same.

• Promotes comfort living – If properly insulated, stone helps the efficient regulation of
temperature in a home, keeping you relatively warm during winters and well ventilated during
summers.

• Aesthetic appeal – Stones come in many different designs, and there are several ways to work
on it. It’s only a matter of getting picking the right stone material that will fit with your home
design requirements.

• Natural for landscaping. Because stone is a natural material, it fits perfectly in outdoor

surroundings. It brings an elegant yet organic feel with plants, wood and water in uses like
pathways, benches, fountains, garden walls and pavers.

• It ages beautifully. Arguably, stone looks better with age. Stone retains its natural beauty and
has an extremely long lifespan.

• Low environmental impact. Stone has many “green” characteristics that few materials can
Stone house match. No energy is needed to manufacture stone, only for quarrying and processing. 

 
THANK YOU!
SUBMITTED BY -

MISHUL GUPTA

75186008

B.ARCH, 4TH SEM.