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    Computer Organization and Assembly Language: Lecture 11 & 12 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions

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    darwinvargas2011
    The document discusses computer instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like what an instruction set is, the elements that make up instructions, different instruction formats and types, factors that influence instruction set design like the number of operand addresses and registers, and types of operands like numbers, characters, and logical data. The instructor is Engr. Aisha Danish and the course is about computer organization and assembly language.

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    Computer Organization and Assembly Language: Lecture 11 & 12 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions

    Uploaded by

    darwinvargas2011
    38 views17 pages
    The document discusses computer instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like what an instruction set is, the elements that make up instructions, different instruction formats and types, factors that influence instruction set design like the number of operand addresses and registers, and types of operands like numbers, characters, and logical data. The instructor is Engr. Aisha Danish and the course is about computer organization and assembly language.

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    lecture-13-14

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    The document discusses computer instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like what an instruction set is, the elements that make up instructions, different instruction formats and types, factors that influence instruction set design like the number of operand addresses and registers, and types of operands like numbers, characters, and logical data. The instructor is Engr. Aisha Danish and the course is about computer organization and assembly language.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views17 pages

    Computer Organization and Assembly Language: Lecture 11 & 12 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions

    Uploaded by

    darwinvargas2011
    The document discusses computer instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like what an instruction set is, the elements that make up instructions, different instruction formats and types, factors that influence instruction set design like the number of operand addresses and registers, and types of operands like numbers, characters, and logical data. The instructor is Engr. Aisha Danish and the course is about computer organization and assembly language.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

    AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

    Lecture 11 & 12
    Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions
    Machine Instruction Characteristics
    Types of Operands
    Course Instructor: Engr. Aisha Danish
    What is an Instruction Set?
     The complete collection of instructions that are
    understood by a CPU
     Machine Code
     Binary
     Usually represented by assembly codes
    Elements of an Instruction
     Operation code (Op code)
     Do this
     Source Operand reference
     To this
     Result Operand reference
     Put the answer here
     Next Instruction Reference
     When you have done that, do this...
    Instruction Cycle State Diagram
    Instruction Representation
     In machine code each instruction has a unique bit
    pattern
     For human consumption (well, programmers
    anyway) a symbolic representation is used
     e.g. ADD, SUB, LOAD
     Operands can also be represented in this way
     ADD A,B
    Simple Instruction Format
    Instruction Types
     Data processing
     Data storage (main memory)
     Data movement (I/O)
     Program flow control
    Number of Addresses (a)
     3 addresses
     Operand 1, Operand 2, Result
     a = b + c;
     May be a forth - next instruction (usually implicit)
     Not common
     Needs very long words to hold everything
    Number of Addresses (b)
     2 addresses
     One address doubles as operand and result
     a=a+b
     Reduces length of instruction
     Requires some extra work
     Temporary storage to hold some results
    Number of Addresses (c)
     1 address
     Implicit second address
     Usually a register (accumulator)
     Common on early machines
    Number of Addresses (d)
     0 (zero) addresses
     All addresses implicit
     Uses a stack
     e.g. push a
     push b
     add
     pop c

     c=a+b
    How Many Addresses
     More addresses
     More complex (powerful?) instructions
     More registers
     Inter-register operations are quicker
     Fewer instructions per program
     Fewer addresses
     Less complex (powerful?) instructions
     More instructions per program
     Faster fetch/execution of instructions
    Design Decisions (1)
     Operation repertoire
     How many ops?
     What can they do?
     How complex are they?
     Data types
     Instruction formats
     Length of op code field
     Number of addresses
    Design Decisions (2)
     Registers
     Number of CPU registers available
     Which operations can be performed on which
    registers?
     Addressing modes (later…)

     RISC v CISC
    Types of Operand
     Addresses
     Numbers
     Integer/floating point
     Characters
     ASCII etc.
     Logical Data
     Bits or flags
     (Aside: Is there any difference between numbers and characters? Ask a C
    programmer!)
    x86 Data Types
     8 bit Byte
     16 bit word
     32 bit double word
     64 bit quad word
     128 bit double quadword
     Addressing is by 8 bit unit
     Words do not need to align at even-numbered
    address
     Data accessed across 32 bit bus in units of double
    word read at addresses divisible by 4
     Little endian
    x86 Numeric Data Formats

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