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    PYROXENES

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    Akshi
    Pyroxenes are common rock-forming silicate minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They have a basic structural unit consisting of linked SiO4 tetrahedra forming chains with a repeat distance of approximately 5.3 angstroms. There are two types of cation sites within the pyroxene structure - M1 sites between tetrahedral chains and larger M2 sites. Pyroxenes show perfect cleavage at 90 degree angles and have distinct optical properties depending on their crystal structure. The main pyroxene groups are the monoclinic clinopyroxenes such as diopside and hedenbergite, and the orthorhombic orthopyroxenes including enstatite and fer

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    PYROXENES

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    Akshi
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    Pyroxenes are common rock-forming silicate minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They have a basic structural unit consisting of linked SiO4 tetrahedra forming chains with a repeat distance of approximately 5.3 angstroms. There are two types of cation sites within the pyroxene structure - M1 sites between tetrahedral chains and larger M2 sites. Pyroxenes show perfect cleavage at 90 degree angles and have distinct optical properties depending on their crystal structure. The main pyroxene groups are the monoclinic clinopyroxenes such as diopside and hedenbergite, and the orthorhombic orthopyroxenes including enstatite and fer

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    Pyroxenes are common rock-forming silicate minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They have a basic structural unit consisting of linked SiO4 tetrahedra forming chains with a repeat distance of approximately 5.3 angstroms. There are two types of cation sites within the pyroxene structure - M1 sites between tetrahedral chains and larger M2 sites. Pyroxenes show perfect cleavage at 90 degree angles and have distinct optical properties depending on their crystal structure. The main pyroxene groups are the monoclinic clinopyroxenes such as diopside and hedenbergite, and the orthorhombic orthopyroxenes including enstatite and fer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    137 views25 pages

    PYROXENES

    Uploaded by

    Akshi
    Pyroxenes are common rock-forming silicate minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They have a basic structural unit consisting of linked SiO4 tetrahedra forming chains with a repeat distance of approximately 5.3 angstroms. There are two types of cation sites within the pyroxene structure - M1 sites between tetrahedral chains and larger M2 sites. Pyroxenes show perfect cleavage at 90 degree angles and have distinct optical properties depending on their crystal structure. The main pyroxene groups are the monoclinic clinopyroxenes such as diopside and hedenbergite, and the orthorhombic orthopyroxenes including enstatite and fer

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pyroxenes are an abundant group of rock-forming silicate minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They are classified as ferromagnesian minerals due to their high content of magnesium and iron.

    Pyroxenes are a group of rock-forming silicate minerals composed of calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, manganese, or aluminum cations between silica tetrahedra. They are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and are classified as ferromagnesian minerals.

    The main types of pyroxenes discussed are diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, enstatite, ferrosilite, hypersthene, and bronzite.

    PYROXENES

     Pyroxene are most significant & abundant group of rock forming ferromagnesian silicates. They are
    found in almost every variety of igneous rock & also occur in rocks of widely different composition
    formed under condition of regional & contact metamorphism.
    The name Pyroxene is derived from the ancient Greek word for ‘fire’ (Pyr) and ‘stranger’ (ksénos).The
    pyroxenes are named so because of their presence in volcanic lavas, where they are sometimes found as
    crystal’s embedded in volcanic glass,it was assumed they are impurities in glass hence the name meaning
    ‘Fire-Strangers’. However they are simply early forming minerals that crystallized before the lava erupted.

    TheUpper Mantle of the Earth is mainly Olivine and Pyroxene minerals. Pyroxenes and Feldspars are
    major minerals in Basalt ,Andesite and Gabbro rocks.

     General formula of pyroxene :


    XYZ2O6
    where X = Na+ , Ca 2+ , Mn2+ , Fe 2+ or Mg2+
    filling octahedral site called M2
    Y = Mn 2+ , Mg2+ , Fe2+, Al3+ , Cr3+ , Ti4+
    filling smaller octahedral sites called M1.
    Z = Si4+ or Al3+ in tetrahedral coordination.
    Origin of Pyroxenes
    • Minerals in the pyroxene group are abundant in both Igneous and
    metamorphic rocks. Their susceptibility to both chemical and mechanical
    weathering makes them rare in sedimentary rock.
    • Pyroxenes are classified as Ferromagnesian mineral , owing to their high
    content of magnesium and Iron.
    • The conditions of formation of pyroxene is restricted to High temperature,
    High pressure or both.
    • Generally the Common pyroxenes are found in mafic and ultramafic igneous
    rock where they are found with Olivine and Calcium rich plagioclase and
    high grade metamorphic rocks such as granulites and eclogites .Pyroxene
    such as Enstatite, Clinoenstatite and kosmochlor is found in meteorites.
    BASIC PROXENE STRUCTURE

    Pyroxene have a basic structural unit consisting of linked


    SiO4 tetrahedra that each 2 of there oxygen in such a way as
    to build long chain of SiO4. The basic Structural is thus SiO2
    that is single chain pyroxene having SiO 2 ratio 1:3 .In cross
    section the chain form a trapezium & this shape produces the
    angle between cleavage direction & crystal faces.
    Crystal Structure
    • The essential feature of all Pyroxene structures Is the linkage of (SiO4) tetrahedra by sharing two
    of the four corners to form Continuous chains. The chains which extend indefinitely parallel to the
    crystallographic axis has the composition of (SiO3)n.
    • A repeat distance of Approximately 5.3Å along the length of chain defined C-axis of unit cell. The
    SiO3 chains are bonded to a layer of octahedrally coordinated cation bands which also extend
    parallel to C-axis.
    • The Octahedral layers contain two distinct cation sites M1 and M2 respectively. The size and
    charge of cations in M2 site determine the Structural type of pyroxene. Large singly or doubly
    charged cations give rise to Diopside (Monoclinic structure), whereas small singly or doubly sized
    cations results in Enstatite (Orthrhombic structure).
    • In most Pyroxenes the chains are not exactly straight ,they are rotated or kinked So that more
    than one type of chain is possible. Diopside, Jadeite, Augite consists of one chain. Whereas
    pigeonite,clinoenstatite and Omphacite have two symmetrically distinct type of tetrahedral
    chains.
    Single Chained Inosilicate

    Pyroxenes are Single Chained


    Ionosilicate ,with repeat distance
    of 5.3Å along the c- axis.

    Amphiboles have double


    chained , more complex
    ionosilicate structure.
    There are two types of cation positions, designated
    M1 and M2.The Octahedral strip containing M1 and
    M2 Octrahedron is sandwiched between two
    oppositely pointing Tetrahedral chains.
    1) M1 site :
    The smaller M1 sites lie between the apices of
    opposing tetrahedra, and are almost regular octahedra.
    Linked - PEAK To PEAK
    Occupied by :- Al , Cr , Fe3+ , Ti, Fe2+ , Mg

    2) M2 site :
    M2 sites are larger, lie between the bases of
    tetrahedra, and are more distorted 6- or 8-fold sites.
    Linked – BASE To BASE
    6 fold – Mg , 8 fold – Ca , Na.

    In Enstatite M1 & M2 contain Mg2+


    In Diopside M2 contain Ca2+ & M1 contain Mg2+

    Together this forms a tetrahedral-octahedral-


    tetrahedral (t-o-t) strip.
    T-O-T strip or I-Beam Structure

    A) Schematic projection of the


    Monoclinic pyroxene
    structure perpendicular to the
    C-axis.
    B) Control of Cleavage angles by
    the I- beams in the pyroxene
    structure.
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    Colour - Grey, Green, Brown, Pink, Yellow, Purple

    Form - Massive, Fibrous, Lamellar, Prismatic Crystals, Granular

    Fracture - Uneven

    Lustre - Vitreous, Pearly , Hypersthene has special metallic- pearly lustre called
    ‘Schillerisation’

    Streak – White, Grey

    Hardness – 5 to 7

    Twinning – Contact Twins in case of monoclinic members

    Specific Gravity - 3 – 3.5

    Diaphaneity – Semi-translucent to Opaque


    CLEAVGE

    All pyroxenes show perfect {110} cleavage.


    When viewed looking down the c-crystallographic
    axis, the cleavages intersect at near 900 angles (the
    angles are actually 920 - 930 and 870 - 880). This 900
    cleavage angle is most useful in distinguishing
    pyroxenes from amphiboles (in amphiboles the
    cleavages are at 560 and 1240 ). Section cut parallel to
    c- axis will show one direction of cleavage.
    Uses of Pyroxene
    • Pyroxene are minor components of
    some rocks which are used as crushed
    stone and dimension stone.

    • Usually most of the pyroxenes has no


    regular use as industrial minerals.
    • Few pyroxene minerals are used as
    gem materials, but only when they
    have attractive colour and clarity.
    • Jadeite, Diopside and Spodumene are
    Important pyroxene gem Materials.
    OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    a) Orthopyroxenes :
    Colour – Green
    Pleochroic ( except enstatite )
    Refractive index – high
    Interference colour – 1st order
    Optically positive
    Extinction – Parallel

    b) Clinopyroxene :
    Colour – Colourless to pale green
    Pleochroic
    R.I – High
    Interference – 2nd order
    Extinction - Inclined
    Clino
    pyroxene
    s
    Classification
    of
    pyroxene

    Ortho
    pyroxenes
    CLINOPYROXENE
    C lin op yroxen e G rou p
    Clinopyroxene ( D i o p s i d e s e r i e s ) :
    Diopside C a M g S i2 0 6
    H e d e n b e rg ite C a F e S i2 0 6

    P y r o x e n e S o lid s o lu tio n s :
    P ig e o n ite (C a , M g , F e )2 S i2 0 6
    Augite ( C a , M g , F e , N a ) ( M g , F e , A l ) ( S i , A l ) 2 0 6

    O m p h a c ite (C a , N a ) (F e M g A l) (S i, A l)2 0 6
    Aegirine N a (A l , F e 3+ ) S i2 0 6

    Na and Li pyroxe nes:


    J a d e ite N a A l S i2 0 6
    Spodu m ene L i A l S i2 0 6
    Diopside - hedenbergite
    • Complet e solid solution exist between diopside and
    hedenbergite & Johannnsenite CaMn,Si 2O6.
    • Diopside is the most common pyroxene.
    • Found in mafic and ul t ra m a f i c igneous rocks.
    • Found in ma rbles associated with calcite, quartz , Diopside
    forsterit e, tremolite and garnet.
    • Also found in med ium and high grade
    metamorphosed mafic rocks.
    • Hedenbergite is often found associated with ore
    deposits formed at high temperature.
    Hedenbergite
    Jadeite
    • The term jadeite refers to either jadeite or
    to the amphibole, neph rite.
    • It is a high pressure pyroxene found in
    metamor p h i c rocks of the blueschist facies.
    • Associated wit h glaucophane, lawsonite or
    aragonite, and with quartz and epid ote.
    • A brigh t green variety of jadeite, omphacit e,
    occurs in eclogites with pyrope rich garnets.
    Omphacit e is also found in kimberlites.
    Sp od umene

    • Spodumene found in granitic pegmatites,


    wher e it associated with k- feldspar,
    quartz, muscovite, tourmaline, beryl and
    lepidolit e.
    • Hid denite is a name given to
    emerald green spodumene.
    • Kunzit e to lilac/ pink colour
    spodumene.
    • Triphane to colourless or yellow
    spodumene.
    ORTHOPYROXENE
    Enst atite- Ferrosilite

    EnsatiteMg2Si206

    Ferrosilite Fe 2 Si206

    Hypersthene & Bron zite (Mg, Fe)2 Si2 06.


    Enstatite
    E nstatite usually massive , blocky, fibrous or la mellar .

    Individual crystals may be prismatic or accicular .

    Complete solid solut ion exist between E nstatite­ F errosilite

    Ferrosilite
    Difference of Orthopyroxene & Clinopyroxene

    Parallel Extinction Inclined Extinction


    Diopside – Enstatite Solvus & Geothermometry
    OCCURRENCE & ASSOCIATION
    • E n s ta tite is m o re c o m m o n in m a fic ig n e o u s ro c k s .
    • C o m m o n ly a s s o c ia ti n g w it h p la g io c la s e a n d
    c lin o p y ro x e n e
    • A ls o in h ig h - g ra d e m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k s a n d is
    c o n s id e re d d ia g n o s t ic f o r th e g ra n u lite fa c ie s .
    • H y p e r s th e n e is a c h a r a c te r s tic m in e r a l a s s o c ia t e d w it h
    c h a rn o c k ite s e rie s o f ro c k s .
    • E u lite a n d O r th o fe r r o s ilite - a s s o c ia te d w it h fa y a lite ,
    h e d e n b e rg ite , g ru n e rite a n d a lm a n d i n e – s p e s s a rtin e
    g a rn e t , o f e u ly s ite , a re g io n a lly m e ta m o r p h o s e d Iro n ric h
    s e d im e n t .
    THE END

    Presented By
    Gitika Deshmukh
    Shubhajit Chattopadhyay

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