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Representation of Data: Dr. H. Gladius Jennifer Associate Professor School of Public Health SRM Ist

This document discusses different methods for representing data, including tables, graphs, diagrams, maps, and pictorial representations. It describes the following key points: - Tables should have a title, proper class intervals, units of measurement, and source information if using secondary data. Common table types include master tables, simple tables, and contingency tables. - Graphs provide a pictorial representation of data and include histograms, frequency polygons, cumulative frequency curves, line diagrams, scatter diagrams, bar diagrams, pie charts, and pictograms. - Qualitative variables can be depicted using bar diagrams to compare magnitudes, pie charts to show proportions, and pictograms using pictures instead of numbers. - Maps are used to

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Charan K
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66 views

Representation of Data: Dr. H. Gladius Jennifer Associate Professor School of Public Health SRM Ist

This document discusses different methods for representing data, including tables, graphs, diagrams, maps, and pictorial representations. It describes the following key points: - Tables should have a title, proper class intervals, units of measurement, and source information if using secondary data. Common table types include master tables, simple tables, and contingency tables. - Graphs provide a pictorial representation of data and include histograms, frequency polygons, cumulative frequency curves, line diagrams, scatter diagrams, bar diagrams, pie charts, and pictograms. - Qualitative variables can be depicted using bar diagrams to compare magnitudes, pie charts to show proportions, and pictograms using pictures instead of numbers. - Maps are used to

Uploaded by

Charan K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Representation of Data

Dr. H. Gladius Jennifer

Associate Professor

School of Public Health

SRM IST
Presentation of Data
Tables

Graphs / Diagrams

Pictorial Representations

Maps
Tables
Must have proper title

It should have proper equal class interval.

Units are to be mentioned in frequency.

If the data are derived from secondary source

mention the source in the bottom of the table.


 Tables are classified as master table, simple tables
and contingency tables
I. Master Table
II. Simple Table

Table 1: Age Distribution


Age (Years) Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
18 - 30 74 44
31 - 40 40 24
41 - 50 33 20
51 - 60 21 12
Total 168 100

III. Contingency Table


Table 2: Comparison of Pre & Post menopause women regarding Occupation

Occupation Pre menopause Post menopause


Nil 39 46
Sedentary 1 0
Moderate 5 3
Heavy Worker 5 4
Total 50 53
Graphs / Diagrams

Will give the pictorial representation of data.

Help even the layman can understand the results.

Classified according to the variables.


Types of Graphs/Diagrams
Histogram
It is continuous rectangle bar diagram which has

class interval in x axis and frequencies in y axis.


Each rectangle is directly proportional to
frequency.
Frequency polygon & Curve
 The mid value of each rectangle in histogram

joined by line is called as frequency polygon.


 The line loses its angle when samples are

large.
 When samples are large the frequency
polygon forms a smooth line called as
frequency curve.
Cumulative Frequency Curve
When cumulative frequency plotted in y
axis and class interval in x axis gives a smooth
increased curve is called as cumulative
frequency curve in other words OGIVE.
Line diagram
 The line diagram is used to compare trends of different

data simultaneously.
 It is similar to bar diagram for qualitative variable.

 The class interval are plotted in x axis and frequency in Y

axis.
Scatter Diagram
 Dot Diagram / Correlation Diagram

 It is a graphic representation made to show the nature of

correlation between two variables X & Y


 The X & Y are read on the base and vertical axis and the

perpendiculars drawn from these reading meant to give


one scatter point.
 When all the points are plotted the diagram gives the

picture of a scatter
 The direction of scatter helps to determine presence /

absence of Relationships.
 It helps to predict the strength of association by plotting

regression line.
Qualitative
Variables
Bar Diagram
Use to compare the magnitude of the qualitative data

Bars are the rectangles drawn along the graph sheet,

Height of each bar corresponds to frequency in a data


Base corresponds various groups in qualitative data

The spacing between the two consecutive bars should

be equal to the half of the width of the bar.


Types of Bar Diagrams

By comparing the height of the rectangles


comparison of different groups can be made.
There are three types:

 Simple Bar diagram

 Multiple Bar diagram

 Component or proportional bar diagram


Simple Bar Diagram:

Single rectangular bars

Frequency
having uniform colour or
Shade
 Multiple Bar Diagram:

Two or more bars can be

group together
It is useful to make Frequency

comparisons between
various groups
Component Bar Diagram
 Proportional bar diagram / Percentage bar diagram

 Bars may be divided into two or more parts depending upon

the number of subgroups to be compared in proportion or


percentages bars
 It resembles a simple bar externally and multiple bars

internally
Frequency
Pie diagram
Sector diagram or Circular diagram.

The frequency of observations are shown as sectors in

a circle, the size of each sector being proportional to


the frequency
Angle of the sector = (no of observation / total no of

observation ) * 360
Pictogram
Picture Diagram

It is kind of bar diagram. Instead of numbers,


pictures are used to represent the bars.
It consists of a series of small pictures / symbols,

each representing a group of data.


The number of pictures in each row gives an idea

of frequency of the attribute.


Picture Diagram
 Pictures drawn in horizontal axis, each picture indicates

an unit of 10, 20..happenings.


It is mainly to use in community based health

education. So that even lay man can understand.


Map Diagram
Represent the geographic distribution of disease /

deaths of public health importance


John Snow – 1854 – Infection of Cholera

Spatial Epidemiological Studies

Types :-
Spot Map

Shaded Map
Spot Map
 The distribution of the disease
frequency is represented in the form
of dots / spots
 Each dots represents an unit of 10,

20..etc
 The number of dots will indicate
frequency in units
 Clustering of spots may indicate
common sources of infection /
common risk factors
Shade Map Diagram
To indicate the variability in the incidence and

prevalence of diseases in different parts of the world


/ country from time to time.
Take Home Message…
Variable Table To Represent..

Quantitative Simple Table Descriptive Stats

Qualitative Simple Table Descriptive Stats

Contingency Table Association


Variable Graph To Represent..
Frequency Curve To check normality
Quantitative
Line Diagram To compare groups
Variables
Scatter Diagram To find relationship
b/w 2 variables
Bar Diagram To compare groups
(with numbers)
Qualitative Pictogram To compare groups
Variables (with symbols)
Pie Diagram To compare
frequency
Spatial Data Map Diagram To compare
Prevalence /
Incidence / Deaths
THANK YOU

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