This document provides an introduction to accident investigation concepts, including definitions of key terms, theories of accident causation, and safety concepts. It defines safety as the prevention of accidents through hazard control and reduction of risk. Several theories of accident causation are discussed, including Heinrich's Domino Theory which identifies unsafe acts and hazards as leading to accidents. The Human Factors Theory notes that human errors from overload, inappropriate responses, or activities can lead to accidents.
This document provides an introduction to accident investigation concepts, including definitions of key terms, theories of accident causation, and safety concepts. It defines safety as the prevention of accidents through hazard control and reduction of risk. Several theories of accident causation are discussed, including Heinrich's Domino Theory which identifies unsafe acts and hazards as leading to accidents. The Human Factors Theory notes that human errors from overload, inappropriate responses, or activities can lead to accidents.
This document provides an introduction to accident investigation concepts, including definitions of key terms, theories of accident causation, and safety concepts. It defines safety as the prevention of accidents through hazard control and reduction of risk. Several theories of accident causation are discussed, including Heinrich's Domino Theory which identifies unsafe acts and hazards as leading to accidents. The Human Factors Theory notes that human errors from overload, inappropriate responses, or activities can lead to accidents.
This document provides an introduction to accident investigation concepts, including definitions of key terms, theories of accident causation, and safety concepts. It defines safety as the prevention of accidents through hazard control and reduction of risk. Several theories of accident causation are discussed, including Heinrich's Domino Theory which identifies unsafe acts and hazards as leading to accidents. The Human Factors Theory notes that human errors from overload, inappropriate responses, or activities can lead to accidents.
5 Safety & Health Discipline Interactions Industrial Environmental Operations Medical Hygiene
Transportation Safety & Health Information
Systems
Facilities Test and Legal Training 6 evaluation What does safety mean? Definition of Terms “Safety is the prevention of accidents and the mitigation of personal injury or property damage which may result from accidents.”
Mroz
This presentation is an introduction to concepts presented in
7 text article, Landmarks in the History of Safety, pp.10-15. What does the term “accident” mean? “..An accident is a potentially harmful energy flow or environmental condition that is preceded by planning or operation oversight or omissions, resulting in conditions or that trigger actions
the incident…..” Kecelakaan adalah aliran energi yang berpotensi berbahaya atau kondisi lingkungan yang diawali dengan perencanaan atau operasi pengawasan atau kelalaian, sehingga kondisi atau tindakan yang memicu insiden i
8 Then what is safety relative to an accident? “Safety is a condition or state of being resulting from the modification of human behavior, and/or design of the physical environment to reduce the possibility of hazards, thereby reducing accidents.” Keselamatan adalah suatu kondisi atau keadaan yang dihasilkan dari modifikasi perilaku manusia, dan / atau desain lingkungan fisik untuk mengurangi kemungkinan bahaya, sehingga mengurangi kecelakaan. "
Strasser et al. 9 Incident vs. Accident Accidental triad 1. When an unwanted energy flow occurs or a hostile environmental condition develops. 2. Barriers or controls << than adequate. 3. Persons or objects are in the energy path or exposed to the environmental condition…Ketika aliran energi yang tidak diinginkan terjadi atau kondisi lingkungan yang berkembang. 4. Hambatan atau kontrol << dari cukup. 5. Orang atau benda berada di jalur energi atau terkena kondisi lingkunga
The accidental triad is complete.
10 Definition of terms Approaches to Use of Barriers. 1. Barriers on the energy source. 2. Barriers on the targets (person or objects). 3. Barriers between the energy flow and the targets. 4. Separation of the flow and targets by time or space.
11 Definition of Terms Incident – an incident is not an accident-- there have been no losses. The worst that has happened is a near miss. No persons or objects were in the energy flow.
You can remove the person from the
energy flow or place a barrier between him and the energy flow. 12 Definition of Terms We all need energy to do our jobs and live our lives.
Then Safety can be defined as the
preplanned management of energy without damaging or harmful energy flows.
You manage energy flow through
people and materiel resources. 13 “..the absence of adequate barriers or controls, causes losses-injury, damage, or degraded performance-to the persons or objects in the path of the energy flow or exposed to the environmental conditions..”
14 “That occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage”.
15 National Safety Council
Definition of Terms
Hazard – condition or set of conditions that
have the potential to produce injury and/or property damage.
Risk- probability that a hazard will be
activated and produce injury or property damage and the severity of the hazard. 16 Definition of Terms Risk involves two components –
–(1) likelihood that negative situation
will occur.
–(2) severity of injury or damage if the
hazard is activated.
17 Components of risk – probability and severity Highest Risk
Ri sk
18 Definition of Terms continued… Loss control – accident prevention achieved through complete safety and health hazard control program. pencegahan kecelakaan dicapai melalui
keselamatan lengkap dan program pengendalian bahaya kesehatan .
Hazard control – developing program to recognize, evaluate, and
eliminate destructive effects of hazards.. Hazard kontrol - mengembangkan program untuk mengenali, mengevaluasi, dan menghilangkan efek destruktif dari bahaya.
Hazards can be either human errors or workplace conditions..
. 19 Definition of Terms continued… Accident prevention-elimination of factors and conditions that pose hazard and risk.
Accident mitigation-direct confrontation of
accident causative factors.
20 Definition of Terms Injury – damage or harm to body as result of violence, infection or other source. Illness – environmental stress resulting in abnormal physiological condition. Acute illness – immediate effects Chronic illness – long term effects.
21 Why do accidents happen? 22 Theories of Accident Causation Major theories presented include:
Domino Theory of accident causation.
Human Factors Theory of Accident Causation
23 Accident/Incident Theory of Accident Causation. Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation. Combination Theory of Accident Causation.
24 Why do Employees get Hurt on the JOB?
Accident Prone?(rawan)
Carelessness?
25 Equipment Failure?
Hazardous Work?
26 Theories of Accident Causation Single Factor Theory
H. W. Heinrich’s Domino Theory (1932)
Study concluded that:
88% industrial accidents caused by fellow workers’ unsafe acts.
27 10% by unsafe conditions.
2% unavoidable.
28 Theories of Accident Causation Heinrick’s Axioms of Industrial Safety diragukan lagi Kebenaran yang perlu
Injuries result from completed series of
Factors, including injury itself.
29 Theories of Accident Causation Heinrich’s Axioms
Accident can occur through unsafe act or mechanical hazard.
Most accidents due to unsafe behavior by people. Kebanyakan kecelakaan karena perilaku yang tidak aman
30 Unsafe act by person or condition not always accident ending.
i.e. near misses.
31 Theories of Accident Causation Select corrective actions by identifying cause.
Severity accidental and accident preventable.
Best quality = best accident prevention
technique.
32 Theories of Accident Causation Management assume responsibility for safety.
Supervisor key in preventing
industrial accidents.
Both direct and indirect costs with
accidents.
33 Heinrich’s Domino Theory Three Phases
Pre-Contact Phase
Contact Phase
Post-Contact Phase
34 Heinrich’s Domino Theory Theory has two central points:
Injuries caused by action of preceding
factors.
Removal of central factor (unsafe
act/hazardous) negates the action of preceding factors.
Prevents accidents via elimination.
35 Heinrich’s Domino Theory Five Factors Influence ALL Accidents
1) Ancestry & Social Environment
2) Fault of The Person 3) Unsafe Act/ Mechanical or Physical Hazard 4) Accident 5) Injury
36 Human Factors Theory of Accidents Chain of events caused by human error.
Three factors lead to human error:
Overload.
Inappropriate response. tidak sesuai/tepat
Inappropriate activities.
37 Overload
Inappropriate Inappropriate Human errors factor activities response
Factors that cause human errors
38 Human Factors Theory
Overload Inappropriate Inappropriate
response activities •Environmental •Detecting a •Performing factors hazard but not tasks without •Internal correcting it. the requisite factors training •Removing safeguards •Misjudging •Situational risks factors •Ignoring safety
39 Accident/Incident Theory Overload
Ergonomic Traps
Decision to Err
Human Error
System Failure 40 Petersen’s Accident/Incident Theory
Overload Ergonomic Traps Decision to err.
•Pressure •Misjudgment of •Incompatible •Fatigue workstation the risks
•Motivation •Incompatible •Unconscious
expectations desire to err •Drugs, alcohol •Logical decision •Worry
Human Error Systems failure Accident •Responsibility •Training Injury/damage •Policy 41 •Inspection Epidemiological Theory
•Perceptions •Risk assessment by •Environmental individuals Factors •Peer pressure •Susceptibility of people •Priorities of the supervisor •Attitude
Can cause or prevent accident
conditions 42 Systems Theory Person Collect Information
Machine Weigh Risks
Make Decisions Environment
Task to be Performed
43 System Theory of Causation Feedback Loop
Weigh Make risks decision
Persons MachinePersons Task to be Environment performed Interaction
Collect 44 information Stress factors??? System Theory of Causation Firenzie recommendation factors before beginning collecting, weighing,and making decisions.
Job requirements.
Worker’s abilities and
limitations.
45 Loss if task is attempted but fails.
Loss if task is not attempted.
46 Energy-Related Accident Causation Theory Accidents can be prevented by controlling the energy involved or changing the structures that cause the damage.
47 Energy-Related Accident Causation Theory Limit the Energy
Substitute a Safer Form of Energy
Prevent Energy Build-up
48 Prevent the Release of the Energy
Provide for a Slow Release of the
Energy
Channel the Release Away
49 Energy-Related Accident Causation Theory Place a Barrier on the Energy Source.
Place a Barrier Between the Energy
and Person.
Place a Barrier on the Person.
50 Raise the Injury or Damage Threshold.
Ameliorate the Effects.
Rehabilitate.
51 Combination Theory Often cause of accident cannot be explained by one theory.
causation attributes accidents to a chain of event caused by human error.
54 Theories of Accident Causation
55 Theories of Accident Causation Epidemiological theory-models for epidemiological factors and disease good for epidemiological factors and accident. Systems theory views accident situation as combination of person, machine and environment.
56 • Combination theory claims that no one model/theory can explain all accident.
