TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7TH 2021

LTs:
● LT 2.1: I can describe population patterns, pyramids, and types of population
density.
● LT 2.2: I can describe the impact that infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and life
expectancy have on a country’s population.

HW: Unit 2 Unit Guide (due Thursday)

BR:
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How does understanding where people live help to explain how they live?
2. How do you analyze the distribution of human populations at different
scales.
3. What are the three methods for calculating population density are
4. Use population density to explain the relationship between people and the
environment.
5. Explain the implications of population distributions and densities
6. How do you analyze population composition.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. Population pyramids use what two pieces of data? WHY?

2. How do populations grow and decline over time and space.
3. What are the political, social, and economic consequences of the rapid
population growth of the past 200 years?
4. Explain contemporary and historical trends in population growth and
decline.
POPULATION COMPOSITION

 Age
 In 2013, Utah had the youngest average age in the U.S. at 29.9 years
old, while the oldest average age was in Maine at 43.5
 Shapes public policy – school-aged children vs. senior citizen services
 Sex
 Affected by wars, migrations, and government policies
 Mining towns and military bases often have significantly more men
 Colleges offering courses that tend to attract students of one sex
 Geographers measure population change
through three indicators:
1. Natural Increase Rate(NIR)- % in which population grows in a
year (not considering migration)

2. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Total number of live births per 1000
people

3. Crude Death Rate (CDR)-Total number of deaths in a year for

every 1000 people alive
(CBR - CDR) / 10 = NIR%
 Let’s Practice!
(CBR - CDR) / 10 = NIR%

1. In Sierre Leone, the CBR is 38.7 and the CDR 11.97. What is the NIR? Is this
population growing or declining?
2. In India the CBR is 21.3 and the CDR is 7.5. What is the NIR? Is this population
growing or declining?
3. In Sweden the CBR is 10.14 and the CDR is 10.20. What is the NIR? Is this
population growing or declining?
4. In Ukraine the CBR is 9.41 and the CDR is 15.72. What is the NIR? Is this population
growing or declining?
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing
years.
Think About
It: how many
children does
each woman
need to have
in order for
the world’s
population to
remain the
same?
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births.

Think About
It: Why do
Geographers
measure the
IMR?
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 One of the most useful tools to study population is the age-sex

composition graph – or population pyramid
 Based solely on age and sex data
 Provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life
span, and economic development
 Reflects natural disasters, wars, political changes, and
epidemics
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Reading a pyramid
 Vertical axis shows age groups,
called cohorts, usually shown in
the middle
 Males on the left and females on
the right
 Horizontal axis may be
percentages or absolute numbers
 Usually on a country scale
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Determining Population Trends

 Wide base and tapers upward –
population growth
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Common Patterns
 The Niger pyramid is nearly symmetrical, or balanced, left to right,
indicated a balance of males and females until approximately age
65 – women live longer
 Look for sudden bulges or indentations
 Symmetry and gradual change is normal, assuming there have been
no circumstances such as war, natural disaster, epidemics, or
government interference.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Impact of War
 Clearest impact is death
 Oftentimes, half or more of deaths in wartime are civilians and
therefore affect people of all ages
 However, the loss of fighting-age people, traditionally males
between the ages of 18 and 40, is often noticeable
 Men and women are usually separated or delay having children
creating a slowdown of births called a birth deficit
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 The post-WWII 1946

graph of Germany shows
the loss of life of both
males and females in the
20 to 40 age cohorts, with a
greater loss of men than
women
 The birth deficit is evident
in the 0-4 cohort
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Baby Booms, Busts, and Echoes

 Once hostilities end and peace continues, the birth rate often
spikes, an increase known as a baby boom
 The WWII baby boom lasted from 1946 to 1965
 Baby booms are followed by a baby bust, which continues until
the boomers reach child-bearing age, resulting a bulge in the
pyramid – this is called an echo
 Anomalies remain in the pyramid and move upward until the
cohort dies
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Migration and Other Anomalies

 Many factors can affect a population pyramid and an asymmetrical
pyramid, one with significant differences between cohorts, suggests
that something notable happened in the population
 It is your job to determine what historical event caused the
irregularity.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Dependency Ratio
 Population pyramid data is often used to estimate the dependency
ratio (DR), a value comparing the working to the nonworking parts
of a population
 Potential workforce: 15-64
 Dependent population: people under 15 and over 64
 Dividing potential workforce by dependent population results in
the dependency ratio (only a rough estimate)
POPULATION PYRAMIDS

 Interpreting DR
 Suggests differences in how people live in each place
 Each person in the US supported himself or herself plus an average of
.52 additional people
 Each person in Niger supported 1.08 additional people
 Japan, Australia, and most of Europe have DRs similar to the United
States.
 Countries throughout Africa and parts of South America and Asia
look more like Niger
POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE

 “A finite world can support only a finite population; therefore,

population growth must eventually equal zero.” –Gerrett Hardin,
“The Tragedy of the Commons,” 1968
 Before the 19th century, the total human population grew very slowly
 Improvements to farming techniques, clearing forested land to
expand land for crops, and finding new regions of the ocean dense in
fish allowed people to become more efficient at extracting energy
from the environment
POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE

 1800 – population reached 1 billion people

 In the 200+ years since then, world population exploded –
around 7.4 billion today
 Prediction? – nearly 11 billion by 2100
POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE
MEASURING NUMBER OF BIRTHS

 Geographers commonly use two different statistics to describe

the rate and which children are born
 Crude birth rate (CBR) – the number of live births per year for
each 1,000 people
 Total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of children who
would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming
every woman lived through her childbearing years
 TFR more accurately reflects cultural norms
MEASURING NUMBER OF BIRTHS

 In most of the world, the TFR was higher in the past than it is
today.
 Parts of Europe before 1800s – 6.2 children; more children
meant more people to work the land
 However, so many children died as infants and people lived, on
average, about 40 years.
 Despite the high TFR, population growth was slow
MEASURING NUMBER OF BIRTHS
CHANGES IN FERTILITY

 Beginning in the 1800s, Europeans began having less children

 Unintentional – countries began keeping larger standing armies
so men were away from home for longer periods
 Intentional – with the Industrial Revolution replacing manual
labor with machinery, fewer children were needed; however,
industrialization also enabled people to live longer so even
though TFR declined, population growth increased
CHANGES IN FERTILITY – ROLE OF WOMEN

 Cultural, economic, political, and environmental realities have always

shaped decisions about whether to have children
 As countries have industrialized, women have begun working in
factories – lived in small houses near the cities and families became
smaller
 Children worked in the factories until outlawed by the government –
public schools were opened and young women became educated,
expanding their work opportunities
 More work and school – fewer children
CHANGES IN FERTILITY – ROLE OF WOMEN

Between 1990 and 2007, as young women gained more education, the
number of children they had decreased
CHANGES IN FERTILITY – FAMILY PLANNING

 Throughout the 20th century, the spread of family planning

information and changes in technology aided people who wanted
to choose the number of children they had
 With access: had their first child later in life, had fewer children,
had fewer unintended pregnancies, and had larger intervals
between having children
 In these places, the TFR continued a decline that began with the
Industrial Revolution
CHANGES IN FERTILITY – FAMILY PLANNING

 Religion
 Some traditions oppose certain forms of family planning
 Women who follow traditional religious beliefs, regardless
of the religion, have higher fertility rates than those who do
not
 Less likely to use birth control and less likely to be
employed outside the home
LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Global Population Increase

 The most important factor in the increase in global population is the
rise in life expectancy – the number of years the average person will
live
 The most important factor increasing life expectancy is the drop in
the infant mortality rate – the number of children who die before
their first birthday
 Example: Massachusetts – In the 1850s, the IMR was 130 per 1,000.
Today, the IMR is about 4 per 1,000.
LIFE EXPECTANCY (LE)
THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS A PERSON BORN IN A PARTICULAR COUNTRY MIGHT BE
EXPECTED TO LIVE.

Make a
Prediction
: Which
country
has the
HIGHEST
LE?

How could
war affect
a
country’s
LE?
LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Better Food Production and Nutrition

 Agricultural advances
 Mechanized food production, such as replacing horses with tractors
 Improving seeds, fertilizers, and farming techniques
 Transporting products more efficiently
 In the US in 1800, almost everyone farmed. Today, only 3% of the
population are farmers, yet they produce enough food to feed everyone
in the country and export vast quantities
LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Better Food Production and Nutrition

 Effects of these Advances
 Allowed people to work outside of farming
 Food security improved around the world
 Farm families became smaller
 Small farms were consolidated into one large farm allowing people
to move to urban areas
LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Advances in Public Sanitation

 As industrial cities grew, so did the problems
 Spread of cholera and other diseases through water contaminated by human waste
 Plague carried by fleas that lived on rodents
 Creation of public sewer systems – people used to dump human waste into streets
and rivers, contaminating the water and making people sick, especially children
and the elderly
 Boil water before paying for clean water through taxes
 Created Department of Public Sanitation – trash pickup (less rodents)
LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Improvements in Healthcare
 Improvements in food production kept people healthier
 Vaccines prevented disease, antibiotics cured disease, and improved medical
procedures boosted life expectancy
 Before 1800s – smallpox killed 400,000 people each year but due to the vaccine
being administered around the world, no case of smallpox has been reported
since 1977
 Antibiotics – penicillin in the mid 1900s; before this, in the mid 1300s, the
plague killed 20 million Europeans
THE BELOW GRAPH SHOWS LE IN THE US IN BOTH 2015
AND 2016. WHAT’S HAPPENING TO OUR LE? WHY IS THIS
HAPPENING?!

More Info Here