Ch3:Performance equations and engine characteristics

As the chemical energy of fuel converts to thermal energy,

there are different losses.
The mechanical output parameters of work, torque, and
power are deliver after this losses.
The remaining is convert to power (to drive the piston) and this is called
Indicated power.

1
Cont..

2
 Engine Parameters

• for an engine with bore B, crank offset a, stroke length S, turning at an

engine speed of N:
S = 2a, average speed: Up = 2S*N
N is generally given in RPM (revolutions per minute), Up in m/sec, and
B, a, and S in m or cm .
Average piston speed for all engines will normally be in the range of 5
to 15 m/sec, on low and high-performance automobile diesel engines.
There are two reasons why engines operate in this range. 1) this is
about the safe limit by material strength of the engine components.
2) air-fuel flow rate into the cylinder during intake and exhaust flow
out of the cylinder during the exhaust stroke is determined by piston
speed. Higher piston speeds would require valves to allows higher flow
rates.
3
Geometric Properties

4
Cont..

5
Cont..
 stroke  m  rev 
• Average piston speed: U p  2SN    
 rev  stroke  s 
N is generally given in RPM (revolutions per min)
For most engines B ~ S (“square engine”)
“Over square engines” (B > S) with light pistons have higher rev limits.
If S> B the engine is under square engine.

When s differentiated with respect of time, the instantaneous speed

Up is obtained: ds
Up 
dt

s  a cos   r 2  a 2 sin 2  
1/ 2

The ratio of instantaneous speed Up divided by the average speed can then be
written as Up  cos 
___
 sin  [1  ]
2 2 2

Up R  sin
where :
Rr ,
a
6
Cont..

7
Cont..
• For a given displacement volume, a longer stroke allows for a
smaller bore (under square), resulting in less surface area in the
combustion chamber and correspondingly less heat loss. This
increases thermal efficiency within the combustion chamber.
However, the longer stroke results in higher piston speed and higher
friction losses that reduce the output power which can be obtained off
the crankshaft. If the stroke is shortened, the bore must be increased
and the engine will be over square.

• This decreases friction losses but increases heat transfer losses. Very
large engines have long strokes with stroke to-bore ratios as high as
4:1.
8
 Cont..
• Engines with superchargers or turbochargers usually have lower
compression ratios than naturally aspirated engines. Because of
limitations in engine materials, technology, and fuel quality.

• Example: John’s automobile has a three – liter SI V6 engine that

operates on a four stroke cycle at 3600 RPM. The compression ratio is
9.5, the length of connecting rod is 16.6cm, and the engine is square(B=
S). At this speed, combustion ends at 20deg aTDC. Calculate:
1. B and stroke length 2. average piston speed
3. clearance volume of one cylinder 4. piston speed at the end of
combustion
5. distance the piston has traveled from TDC at the end of combustion
6.volume in the combustion chamber at the end of combustion 9
Brake Power
• The amount of usable power the engine produce.

• brake power is low at low engine speed and increase steadily with speed
until a high engine speed reaches.

• At high speed of engine attained brake power drops-off.

• because of :-

• Frictional power - increase due to increasing Engine speed

• Torque – decrease due to increasing engine speed

10
Indicated power
• The amount of power produce at piston due to gasses forces in
combustion of air-fuel mixture.

Torque:

 Turning effort when the piston moves from TDC to BDC

 It is applying torque to the Engine crankshaft (through connecting rod)

 Greater amount of Torque is get when

* Higher combustion pressure: – due to harder push on the piston

* Higher volumetric efficiency: – In Intermediate speed

11
Cont..

12
Cont..
• In Higher Engine Speed

 Volumetric Efficiency drops-off - there is not enough time for the

cylinder to become filed up with air fuel mixture.

 less fuel-air mixture burns that produce less combustion pressure.

 Less combustion pressure will be push the piston.

 so the Engine Torque is Less.

• If P represents the pressure inside the cylinder combustion chamber, it

gives the work inside the combustion chamber.

13
Cont..
Work: it is the output of any heat engine due to gas pressure
force . This is indicated work.

• Work delivered by the crankshaft is less than indicated work

due to mechanical friction and parasitic loads of the engine.
Parasitic loads include the oil pump, supercharger, air
conditioner compressor, alternator, etc.

• Actual work available at the crankshaft is called brake work

wb' Units of specific work will be kJ/kg.

14
 Cont..
Engines with supercharger or turbochargers can have intake pressure greater
than exhaust pressure, giving a positive pump work.

15
Cont..

Care should be taken when using the terms "gross work" and "net work".
In some older literature and textbooks, net work (or net power) meant the
output of an engine with all components, while gross work (or gross
power) meant the output of the engine with fan and exhaust system
removed.

16
Mean effective pressure (mep)
• is the pressure in the cylinder of an engine, that continuously changing
during the cycle. it is a good parameter to compare engines for
design/output because it is independent of engine size and speed. If
torque is used for engine comparison, a large engine will look better. If
power is used as the comparison , speed becomes important.

Im ep  W i
V d
Indicated mean effective pressure (Imep),
Bmep  W b

V d
• Brake mean effective pressure (Bemp),
w  ( mep) v
W
mep 
V d

17
 Torque
Wb Bemp *V d
  ;....W b 
2 n
For 2-stroke cycle n=1
Bemp *V d
  For 4-stroke cycle n=2
2n

• The point of maximum torque is called maximum brake torque (MBT). A major
goal in the design of a modern automobile engine is to flatten the torque-versus-
speed curve as shown fig below.

• To have high torque at both high and low speed.

• CI engines generally have greater torque than SI engines.

• Large engines often have very high torque values with MBT at relatively low
speed.

• Power is defined as the rate of work of the engine. If n = number of revolutions

per cycle, and N = engine speed, then:

18
Cont..

 Brake power and torque of reciprocating engines are function of engine

speed. indicated power increase with speed while brake power increase
to maximum and then decreases. This is because friction power increases
with engine speed to a higher power and becomes dominant at higher
speeds

At low speed, τ increases as engine speed increases. As engine speed

increases further, torque (τ) reaches a maximum and then decreases
because the engine is unable to consume a full charge of air at higher
speeds.

Dynamometers are used to measure torque and power over the engine
operating ranges of speed and load
19
Cont..

.
. 1 _____
 fmeb *U p* A p
W f 2n
.
_____
. 1
 bmeb *U p* Ap
W b 2n
_____

U p
 2 SN
2
 D
V d
 A * S ; where A
p p

4

20
Cont..
• Specific Power (SP):- measure the effectiveness with which piston area is
used regardless of cylinder size.
SP = Wb/ Ap
• Specific Volume (SV):- indicate the relative effectiveness with which engine
space is utilized.
SV = Vd / Wb
• specific weight (SW):- indicate the relative economy with which material is
used
SW = (engine weight)/Wb

where: Wb = brake power

Ap = piston face area of all pistons
Vd = displacement volume

21
Engine Efficiency

• Is the relation between the power deliver and the power that
could be obtained, without losses.

 calculated in two ways

1. Thermal Efficiency

2. Mechanical Efficiency

1. Thermal Efficiency :- is the ratio of power produced to

P
 
the energy of fuel burned to produce this power.th
Q in

, ηc = combustion efficiency

22
Cont..
IP
• Indicated Thermal Efficiency,  
ith
Q in

BP
• Brake Thermal Efficiency,  
bth
Q in

BP bemp
• 2. Mechanical Efficiency  m
 
IP imeb
Volumetric efficiency
 The power output of an engine depends directly on the amount
of charge that can be induced in the cylinder.
 Referred to as the breathing capacity of the engine
 Is the ratio of the volume of air induced to the swept volume of
the cylinder.
 Is ratio of actually enter air-fuel mixture to the amount of air-
fuel that could possibly enter.

23
Cont..

• Improving Volumetric Efficiency

 By increasing the number of intake valve per cylinder.

 By making the Intake valve large .

 By opening the Intake Valve wider.

24
Cont..
• Fuel Consumption
 specific fuel consumption:-
. is defined as the fuel flow rate per
Sfc 
m
unit power output. f
.

m  f

P rate of fuel flow into engine

SFC:- is a measure of how efficiency the fuel supplied to the

engine is used to produce power.

 a low volume of specific fuel consumption is desirable,

since for a given power level fuel is consumed.

classified in to two:- Brake specific fuel consumption and

indicated specific fuel consumption.

25
Cont.. .

• Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC, bSfc 

m f

bp
 BSfc is decrease with engine size; fuel consumption is less
with larger engine because less heat loss due to the higher
volume to surface area of ratio the combustion chamber.
 BSfc is decrease as engine speeds increases due to the shorter
time for heat losses during each cycle.
 BSfc is decrease as compression ratio is increases due to
greater Efficiency.
 BSfc increases at higher engine speed because of higher
frictional losses.

26
Cont..

Fig. 2.3 brake specific fuel consumption as a function of engine speed.

27
Cont..
 Brake specific fuel consumption decrease as engine speed
increase, reaches a minimum, and then increase at high
speed.

 Fuel consumption increase at high speed because of greater

heat friction losses. At low engine speed, longer time per
cycle allows more heat loss and fuel consumption goes up.
It is lowest when combustion occurs in a mixture with a fuel
equivalence ratio near one, (ȹ = 1).

28
 cont..

Fig. 3.3 brake specific fuel consumption as a function of engine displacement.

Generally, average fuel consumption is less with larger engines. One reason

for this is less heat loss due to the higher volume to surface area ratio of the

combustion chamber in a large engine. Also larger engine operate at lower

speeds which reduces friction losses.

29
Cont..

30
Assignment 1
1. Explain how pollutant gases are exhausted from engine combustion?
2. Describe power transmission mode of car engine from combustion to wheel?
3. Briefly explain the 4- stroke IC working process
4. Discus the actual and ideal engine cycles

5. The engine connected to a dynamometer which gives a brake output torque

reading of 200 N-m at 3000 RPM. At this speed air enters the cylinders at 80kPa
and 60°C, and the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85%. Calculate: 1.
brake power, 2. indicated power, 3. brake mean effective pressure, 4. indicated
mean effective pressure,

• 5. friction mean effective pressure, 6. power lost to friction

• 7. brake work per unit mass of gas in the cylinder, 8. brake specific power,

• 9. brake output per displacement, 10. engine specific volume

31
Cont..
6. The engine in Problem 5 is running with an air-fuel ratio AF = 13, a fuel
heating value of 44,000kJ/kg, and a combustion efficiency of 90%.
Calculate:

1. rate of fuel flow into engine

2. Brake thermal efficiency

3. indicated thermal efficiency

4. volumetric efficiency

5. brake specific fuel consumption

32