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    Adjustments in Connected Speech - 2018 - Iec

    Uploaded by

    Valcarol
    This document discusses various phonological processes in English such as assimilation, deletion, epenthesis, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be influenced by neighboring sounds within and across word boundaries. These optional sound changes help promote fluency and regular rhythm in connected speech.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Adjustments in Connected Speech - 2018 - Iec

    Uploaded by

    Valcarol
    37 views26 pages
    This document discusses various phonological processes in English such as assimilation, deletion, epenthesis, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be influenced by neighboring sounds within and across word boundaries. These optional sound changes help promote fluency and regular rhythm in connected speech.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    This document discusses various phonological processes in English such as assimilation, deletion, epenthesis, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be influenced by neighboring sounds within and across word boundaries. These optional sound changes help promote fluency and regular rhythm in connected speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views26 pages

    Adjustments in Connected Speech - 2018 - Iec

    Uploaded by

    Valcarol
    This document discusses various phonological processes in English such as assimilation, deletion, epenthesis, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be influenced by neighboring sounds within and across word boundaries. These optional sound changes help promote fluency and regular rhythm in connected speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Why?

    Sounds are influenced by their environments


    Function: to promote regularity of rhythm
    PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH CONSONANTS
     
    Point of Articulation

    Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar


    Manner of Articulation
    Stops Voiceless /p/ . . /t/ . /k/
    Voiced /b/ /d/ /g/
    Affricates Voiceless . . . . /t∫/ .
    Voiced /dʒ /
    Fricatives Voiceless . /f/ /q/ /s/ /∫/ /h/
    Voiced /v/ /ð/ /z/ / ʒ/
    Nasals /m/ . . /n/ . //
    Lateral . . . /l/ . .
    Retroflex . . . /r/ . .

    /w/ . . . /j/ .
    Semivowels
     
    LINKING
    Connecting the final sound of one word with the
    initial sound of the next.
    It depends on:
    - Informality of the situation
    - Rate of speaking
    - Individual speech profile
    - e.g. sign_it
    - give_up
    1 - LINKING WITH A Y-GLIDE
    One word / syllable ends in a tense vowel or diphthong
    and the next word begins with a vowel.
    e.g./iy/ + vowel = be+y+able
    /ey/ + vowel = say+y+it
    /ay/ + vowel = my+y+own
    /oy/ + vowel = toy+y+airplane
    2- Final consonant + Beginning vowel =
    new syllable
    e.g. Dog+eat+dog
    pink+and+blue
    3-LINKING R – New England, NYC,
    England: Epenthesis
    Add a linking /r/ to vowel + vowel sequences
    e.g. Spa+r+owners
     vanilla+r+ice-cream
     saw+r+Ann
    4-LINKING WITH A W-GLIDE
    /u:/ + vowel = blue+w+ink
    /əʊ/ + vowel = know+w+art
    /aʊ/ + vowel = how+w+is it
    Listen
    Hello, everybody!
    How much do you know about those new ideas?
    I´d like to answer that question before I go on.
    You´ll have to emphasize two of those points
    5- VOWEL TO VOWEL LINKING
    when certain vowels come next to each other an extra
    sound is added to make the link smooth.
    6- RESYLLABIFICATION

    A word / syllable ending in a consonant cluster (two


    consonants together) and followed by a vowel, the
    final consonant is pronounced as if it belonged to the
    next syllable.
    e.g. Left+arm
    adap+table
    7- Two identical consonants in
    juxtaposition
    Elongate the consonant and pronounce it as one.
    e.g. Stop pushing = stop:ushing
     short time = short:ime
     big gap = big:ap
     classroom management = classroom:anagement
    8- LINKING 'R'

    In standard British English (RP) the letter 'r' after a


    vowel sound at the end of word is often not
    pronounced. However, when the following word
    begins with a vowel the /r/ sound is pronounced to
    make a smooth link.

    e.g. The water got cold.


    The water is cold.
    9- STOP CONSONANT FOLLOWED BY
    STOP / AFFRICATE
    Stops / p,b,k,g,t,d /
    Affricates /t∫, dʒ /
    The first stop is not pronounced.
    e.g. Pet+cat
    good+jury
    big+dipper
    big+church
    ASSIMILATION
    One sound takes characteristics of a neighboring
     ( conditioning ) sound.
    It does not mean bad articulation or non-standard
    speech pattern.
    It occurs within a word and between words .
    1-PROGRESSIVE ( PERSEVERATIVE )
    The conditioning sound precedes the following
    sound.
    e.g. Final plural pronunciation
    Bags, s = /z/
    Backs, s=/s/
    Final “ed” for simple past
    Talked, ed=/t/
    lived, ed=/d/
    2- REGRESSIVE ( ANTICIPATORY )
    The assimilated sound precedes and is affected by the
    conditioning sound.
    e.g. Grandpa, nd=/m/
    pancake, n=/ŋ/
    have to, ve+to=[hǽft∂]
    has to = [hǽst∂]
    used to = [just∂]
     

    3- COALESCENT ASSIMILATION
    Sound a + sound b = sound c
    Final alveolar consonants /s,z/; /t,d/;/t∫,dʒ /, followed
    by palatal /j/, become palatalized fricatives /f,v,Θ,
    ð,s,z,∫, 3,h/ and affricates /t∫,dʒ /, respectively.
    e.g. /s/+/j/=/∫/ issue, this+year
    /z/+/j/=/ʒ / pleasure
    /d/+/j/=/dʒ / did+you
    /t/+/j/=/t∫/ suit+you /
    /dz/+/j/=/dʒ / needs+you
    /s/ + /∫/ = /∫:/
    /z/ + /∫/ = /∫:/
    e.g. Horse + shoe
    his + shirt
    4- FINAL /T/ OR /D/ ASSIMILATE TO
    INITIAL STOP /P,K/ /B,G/

    A final stop consonant /t/ or /d/ may assimilate to a


    following initial stop /p,k/ or /b, g/, changing the
    place of articulation but maintaining the voicing
    quality.
    e.g. Good+boy=gooboy
    pet+kitten=pekitten
    5- IN = UNMARKED NEGATIVE PREFIX
    In+vowels/f/d/t
    e.g. Inoperative / inflexible / indifferent / inexcusable /
    intangible
    Im+bilabials /m,p,b/
    e.g. Impossible / imbalance / immeasurable / immortal
    / impartial
    Il+liquid /l/, e.g.illogical / illegal
    Ir+liquid /r/, e.g. Irresponsible / irrelevant
    6 - DISSIMILATION

    It occurs when adjacent sounds become more different


    from each other.
    A sequence of 3 fricatives is broken by replacing the
    second one with a stop
    e.g. Fifths [fifθs] = [fifts]
    /fθs/=sequence of 3 fricatives
    /fts/ = one stop /t/ between the two fricatives
    DELETION OR OMISSION = ELISION

    Sounds disppear or are not well articulated in some


    contexts
    e.g isn’t ( “o” in “not”is deleted )
    Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or a
    syllabic /ℓ/
    winter=winer,
    toronto=torono,enter=ener,mantle=manel
    Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they are second in a cluster of
    3 consonants.
    e.g. Restless=resless, exactly=exacly,hands=hans
    1- DELETION OF WORD FINAL /T/ OR /D/
    It occurs in clusters of 2 consonants at a word
    boundary when the next word begins with a
    consonant.
    East+ side= easide, blind+man=bliman
    Loss of unstressed medial vowel (syncope) where /I,∂/
    is dropped in multisyllabic words following the
    strongly stressed syllable. e.g. Chocolate=choclat
    [t∫‫כ‬kl∂t]
    Every=evry, evening=evning, camera=camra
    2- APHESIS = LOSS OF UNSTRESSED VOWEL
    OR SYLLABLE IN HIGHLY INFORMAL SPEECH
    e.g. Because=‘cause, about=‘bout
    Loss of first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/.
    e.g. February=Febuary, governor=govenor,
    surprise=suprise
    Loss of final /v/ in “of”>reduction to schwa/∂/
    Before words with initial consonants
    e.g. lots of money=lots∂money, waste of
    time=waste∂time
    3- LOSS OF INITIAL /H/ AND /Θ/ in
    pronominal forms in connected speech
    e.g. Ask+her=asker, help+him=helpim
    tell+them=tellem
    EPENTHESIS

    Insertion of a vowel or consonant within an existing


    string of segments.
    e.g. Place+s=places [pleis∂z]
    buzz+s=buzzes [bΛz∂z]
    plant+ed=planted [plǽnt∂d]
    hand+ed=handed [hǽnd∂d]

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