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    Ethics M5

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    Kristine Grande Atienza
    The document discusses different perspectives on the role of reason and feelings in moral decision making. It describes philosophers such as Plato, the Stoics, and Descartes as believing morality should be based on reason and the intellect ruling over emotions. Alternatively, David Hume argued morality involves sympathetic feelings and agreements on what is useful or agreeable. Thomas Nagel believed morality requires impartial reason over subjective feelings, as feelings can be irrational or prejudiced. Overall, the document explores the debate between reason and feelings as the foundation for ethics and moral decisions.

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    Ethics M5

    Uploaded by

    Kristine Grande Atienza
    100 views18 pages
    The document discusses different perspectives on the role of reason and feelings in moral decision making. It describes philosophers such as Plato, the Stoics, and Descartes as believing morality should be based on reason and the intellect ruling over emotions. Alternatively, David Hume argued morality involves sympathetic feelings and agreements on what is useful or agreeable. Thomas Nagel believed morality requires impartial reason over subjective feelings, as feelings can be irrational or prejudiced. Overall, the document explores the debate between reason and feelings as the foundation for ethics and moral decisions.

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    ETHICS M5

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    The document discusses different perspectives on the role of reason and feelings in moral decision making. It describes philosophers such as Plato, the Stoics, and Descartes as believing morality should be based on reason and the intellect ruling over emotions. Alternatively, David Hume argued morality involves sympathetic feelings and agreements on what is useful or agreeable. Thomas Nagel believed morality requires impartial reason over subjective feelings, as feelings can be irrational or prejudiced. Overall, the document explores the debate between reason and feelings as the foundation for ethics and moral decisions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    100 views18 pages

    Ethics M5

    Uploaded by

    Kristine Grande Atienza
    The document discusses different perspectives on the role of reason and feelings in moral decision making. It describes philosophers such as Plato, the Stoics, and Descartes as believing morality should be based on reason and the intellect ruling over emotions. Alternatively, David Hume argued morality involves sympathetic feelings and agreements on what is useful or agreeable. Thomas Nagel believed morality requires impartial reason over subjective feelings, as feelings can be irrational or prejudiced. Overall, the document explores the debate between reason and feelings as the foundation for ethics and moral decisions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ETHICS

    The Act
     No one can deny the fact that when the human person is placed in moral
    dilemma, his decisions can also be greatly affected by his feelings
     The moral decision that man makes will definitely not be fully objective
     Moral decision can be a product of feelings or emotions
     Philosophers during the time of Hume placed greater emphasis on the prominence of
    reason over feelings
     According to the religious apologists, moral decisions must be rooted in religious
    laws and doctrines
     Western philosophers were actually reacting to the position held by the church
    scholars who asserted that religion is a necessary foundation of morality
     For the western thinkers, the foundation of morality is reason
    Plato

     He argued that the function of reason is to rule the appetites and emotions
     Held that the Mind or the Intellect, which is the highest level of the soul,
    is that immortal part of the soul that gives the man the capacity for truth
    and wisdom
    Stoics

     They believed that the human person must be able to learn to control his passion with
    reason in order to live a moral life
     They believed that each person shares a common element: reason – because every
    man has reason, everyone, therefore, has a right reason in common. This right reason
    is Law. Hence, moral decisions must always be rooted on the right reason as this is
    the thing that we have in common with the gods
    Rene Descartes

     In his desire to get away from the authority of the church, he held that reason has
    prominence over church laws and religious doctrines
     In the matter of morality, reason must have the prevalence
    David Hume : Feelings and Morality

     During the early part of his philosophizing, he believed virtue is in conformity to


    reason
     Morality is discern merely by ideas
     In order to distinguish the good and the bad, we have to consider reason alone
     Moral assessment are emotional reactions
     He held that moral decisions would always involve feelings or emotions
    David Hume

     Moral sentiments are found in all people


     Everyone has an instinctive capacity to give praise and uphold the moral actions
    performed by a person to the others
     He held that whatever actions that would give the spectator a pleasing sentiment would
    be considered as morally acceptable, while those that would be unpleasing to the
    spectators would be considered morally unacceptable
    David Hume

     Agreeableness and usefulness can be a good consideration of morality


     Interest should not be for one’s own but for somebody else’s, that is, for the interest of
    those who would be directly or indirectly affected by a particular action
     Empirical approach to morality – our moral decisions are based not on judgements
    based on reason but on feelings
    David Hume

     Our experience tells us that we have sympathetic feelings of pleasure and pain in
    response to a range of virtuous characteristics that people possess, at the same time,
    everyone would have an agreement on the virtuous qualities that can be considered
    usefulness or agreeable to those who are affected by one’s action
     Hume believed that feelings and agreeableness can be considered as a clear criterion
    of moral judgement
     He believed that a behavior is considered to be virtuous if it is useful or agreeable to
    people who are affected by the action being considered
    Reason and Impartiality : THOMAS NAGEL

     He believed that morality must be rooted not in feelings or emotions because that will
    make morality subjective, morality must be objective– it must be rooted in reason
     No matter how great our feelings on a particular situation can be, such feelings will
    not be considered as a basis for universal moral principle because my feelings on a
    particular issue may be different from the feelings of others
    THOMAS NAGEL

     Our feelings may be irrational


     They may be products of prejudice, selfishness, or cultural conditioning
     One’s moral decision may depend on the effect of one’s action to the person’s
    involved
     The basis of morality must be on the happiness that one’s action may cause to others.
    If an action is going to cause harm to others, then the action is considered to be evil
     Reason will tell us that everyone should be treated equally
    THOMAS NAGEL

     Discovering the truth can only be made possible if one is guided by reason
     The morally right thing to do is to do the action that is supported by rational argument
    – moral judgements must always be backed up with good reasons
     But it must be noted that not every reason is good. There may still be valid reasons.
    However, it will be the job of the person to discern which reason is good. It is
    therefore, important to know the facts first. At the same time, the person must take
    away any prejudices
    Thomas Nagel

     It is important that a person should try to look at things according to how they are and
    not on how they wanted them to be
     In discerning the facts, it is important that the decision maker must be impartial to
    certain issues. One should be able to consider that every moral decision is equally
    important to the others
     Impartiality is only a bare outline of morality
    Thomas Nagel

     Ethics begin when from the impersonal standpoint we focus on the raw data provided
    by the individual desires, interests, projects, attachments, allegiances, and plans of life
    that define the personal points of view of the multitude of distinct individuals,
    ourselves included
     Morality must be the reason
    8 Steps to Moral Reasoning

    1. Gather the facts 1. List the alternative courses of action


    2. Define the ethical issues 2. Compare the alternatives with the
    3. Review relevant ethical guidelines principles
    4. Obtain consultation 3. Weigh the consequences
    4. Make a decision
    THANK YOU!

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