Cellular & Mobile Communications

CELLULAR & MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
UNIT-1
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS &
CELLULAR CONCEPTS
Prepared by
D.SRIDHAR M.Tech.,(Ph.D)
Associate Professor
Limitations of conventional mobile
communication systems
• Limited Service Capability
• Poor Service Performance
• Inefficient spectrum utilization

Limited Service Capability
• User in one zone has to reinitiate the call when moving into another
zone
• No guarantee that a call can be completed without a hand-off

capability.
• The no. of active users is limited to the no. of channels assigned to

a particular frequency zone.
Poor Service Performance
• In the past, a total of 33 channels were allocated to three
mobile telephone systems:
(1) MTS (2) IMTS-MJ (3) IMTS-MK
• These 33 channels must cover an area of 50 miles in

diameter.
• In 1976, 6 channels of MJ served 320 customers with

2400 customers on the waiting list and 6 channels of MK
served 225 customers with 1300 customers on the
waiting list. (in New york city)
Inefficient frequency spectrum
utilization
• Frequency spectrum utilization measurement M0 is
defined as “max. no. of customers that could be served
by one channel at the busiest hour”.
• Smaller the value of M0 Larger is the blocking probability

of the users.
Severe Fading
• Antenna height of the mobile unit << its typical surroundings
• carrier signal wavelength <<< the sizes of the surrounding structures
• multi path waves generated and sum of these waves  signal-fading

phenomenon.
Model of transmission medium
• m(t) is local-mean or long term fading. Its variation due to
terrain contour between base station and mobile unit
• r0(t) is short-term fading or multipath fading or Rayleigh fading.

Its variation due to waves reflected from surrounding buildings.
• Multi-path waves bounce back n forth due to buildings and

form standing wave-pairs.
• These pairs add up at mobile unit and become irregular wave-

fading structure. This is Multipath fading.
Mobile Fading Characteristics
Radius of active scatter region
• It is roughly 100 wavelengths.
• Active Scatter region moves with mobile unit as its center.
• Some houses which were inactive become active when mobile unit
approaches them and some become inactive when mobile unit moves
away from them.
Delay Spread and Coherence BW
• multipath reflection  signal transmitted from a cell site reaches
mobile unit in different paths time of arrival for each path is
different  impulse transmitted becomes pulse of fine width  this
width is delay spread.
• Coherence BW is defined BW in which either amplitudes or phases of

2 received signals have a high degree of similarity.
Operation of Cellular Mobile System
Operation can be divided into four parts:
 Mobile unit Initialization
 Mobile Originated Call
 Network originated Call
 Call Termination
 All these operations are followed by “Hand-off” procedure.

Mobile unit Initialization
• When a user activates the receiver of the mobile unit,
the receiver scans 2 set-up channels among 416
channels.
• It then selects the strongest set-up channel to connect

to the nearest cell site.
• This self-location scheme is used in idle state.

Advantage is that it eliminates the load on the
transmission at the cell site to locate a mobile unit.
• Disadvantage is that no location info of idle mobile units

appears at each cell site.
Mobile Originated Call
• The user places the called number into an originating register in
the mobile unit and presses the send button.
• A request for service is sent on a selected set-up channel obtained

from self-location scheme.
• The cell site receives it and selects the best directive antenna for
the voice channel to use.
• At the same time cell site sends a request to the MTSO via a high-
speed data link and the MTSO selects an appropriate voice channel
for the call.
• The cell site acts on it through the best directive antenna to link the
mobile units.
Network originated Call
• When a land-line party dials a mobile unit, the telephone
company zone office recognizes the number and
forwards the call to the MTSO.
• MTSO sends a paging message to the cell sites based

on mobile unit number and search algorithm.
• Each cell site transmits the page on its own set-up

channel and the mobile unit recognizes its own
identification on a strong set-up channel, locks onto it.
• The mobile unit also follows the instructions to tune to

an assigned voice channel and initiate user alert.
Call Termination
• When the mobile unit turns off the
transmitter, a particular signal (signaling
tone) is transmitted to the cell site and
both sides free the voice channel.
• The mobile resumes monitoring pages

through the strongest set-up channel.
Hand-off Procedure
• During a call, two parties are on a voice channel.
• When mobile unit moves out of coverage area of a particular

cell site, the reception becomes weak.
• The present cell site requests a “hand-off”. The Base Station

Controller (BSC) switches the call to a new frequency channel
in a new cell site without either interrupting the call or
alerting the user.
• The call continues as long as the user is talking and the user
does not notice the hand-off occurences.
• “Hand-off” was first used by Advanced Mobile Phone Service

(AMPS).
Hexagonal Shaped Cells
Analog and Digital Cellular Systems
Analog Cellular Systems
JAPAN
• Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. (NTT) developed an 800 MHz
land mobile telephone system and put it into service in Tokyo in 1979.
• Around 40,000 subscribers in 500 cities, covers 75% of inhabitable

areas and 60% of population in Japan.
• 9 ASCs, 51 MCS, 465 MBSs and 39,000 mobile subscriber stations
UK
• Total Access Communication System (TACS) with 1,000 channels,
with a channel BW of 25kHz per channel.
• Among them 600 channels are assigned and 400 are reserved.
Analog Cellular Systems
CANADA
• In 1978, a system called AURORA designed for Alberta Government
Telephone (AGT) and provides mobile telephone service at 400MHz.
• 40,000 subscribers in an area of 1920km x 960 km.
• Initially had 40 channels and 20 channels with frequency reuse and a 7-cell
cluster plan.
• 120 cells but without a hand-off capability.
• AURORA 800 system can be operated on any mobile RF band up to
800MHz with a complete hand-off capability.
AUSTRALIA
• Ericsson’s AXE-W switching network operates at 800 MHz with 12 cell
sites concentrated in 3 big cities.
KUWAIT
• Uses NEC’s switches and provides 12 sites, operates at 800MHz.
HONGKONG
• 3 systems: UK’s TAC system with Motorola switches, US’s AMPS and
Japanese NEC.
Cellular Concepts
Introduction
General Description of Problem
Concepts of frequency channels
Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor
Desired C/I in an Omni-directional Antenna System
Cell Splitting
Cell Splitting
Cell Splitting
Cell Splitting
Cell Splitting
Consideration of the components of
cellular system
cellular system
cellular system
cellular system
cellular system
Thank You

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CELLULAR & MOBILE

• Poor Service Performance

• Inefficient spectrum utilization

• No guarantee that a call can be completed without a hand-off

• The no. of active users is limited to the no. of channels assigned to

• These 33 channels must cover an area of 50 miles in

• In 1976, 6 channels of MJ served 320 customers with

• Smaller the value of M0 Larger is the blocking probability

• carrier signal wavelength <<< the sizes of the surrounding structures

• multi path waves generated and sum of these waves  signal-fading

• r0(t) is short-term fading or multipath fading or Rayleigh fading.

• Multi-path waves bounce back n forth due to buildings and

• These pairs add up at mobile unit and become irregular wave-

• Coherence BW is defined BW in which either amplitudes or phases of

 Mobile unit Initialization

 Mobile Originated Call

 Network originated Call

 All these operations are followed by “Hand-off” procedure.

• It then selects the strongest set-up channel to connect

• This self-location scheme is used in idle state.

• Disadvantage is that no location info of idle mobile units

• A request for service is sent on a selected set-up channel obtained

• MTSO sends a paging message to the cell sites based

• Each cell site transmits the page on its own set-up

• The mobile unit also follows the instructions to tune to

• The mobile resumes monitoring pages

• When mobile unit moves out of coverage area of a particular

• The present cell site requests a “hand-off”. The Base Station

• “Hand-off” was first used by Advanced Mobile Phone Service

• Around 40,000 subscribers in 500 cities, covers 75% of inhabitable

• 9 ASCs, 51 MCS, 465 MBSs and 39,000 mobile subscriber stations

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