Chapter 3 - Circular Wall

One-Dimensional, Steady-State
Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation
Chapter Three
Pipe & Spherical
Tube Wall
The Tube Wall
• Heat Equation:
1 d  dT 
 kr 0 (3.23)
r dr  dr 
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of
in the wall?
with
qr
r
Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy conservation requirement?
How does qr vary with r ?

• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :
Ts ,1  Ts ,2  r 
T  r  ln    Ts,2 (3.26)
ln  r1 / r2   r2 
Tube Wall (Cont.)
• Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

dT k
qr   k 
dr r ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts,1  Ts,2 
2 k
qr  2 rqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2 
2 Lk
qr  2 rLqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  (3.27)
• Conduction Resistance:
ln  r2 / r1 
Rt ,cond  Units  K/W (3.28)
2 Lk
ln  r2 / r1 

Rt ,cond  Units  m  K/W
2 k
Why is it inappropriate to base the thermal resistance on a unit
surface area?
Tube Wall (Cont.)
• Composite Wall with

Negligible Contact
Resistance
T,1  T,4
qr   UA  T,1  T,4  (3.30)
Rtot
Note that
UA  Rtot 1
is a constant independent of radius.
But, U itself is tied to specification of an interface.

1
U i   Ai Rtot  (3.32)
Spherical Shell
Spherical Shell
• Heat Equation
1 d  2 dT 
2 dr 
r 0
r  dr 
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of
qr with r ? Is this result consistent with conservation of energy?
How does qr vary with r ?
• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :
T  r   Ts ,1   Ts ,1  Ts ,2 

1  r1/ r 

1  r1 / r 2 
Spherical Shell (cont.)
• Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

dT k
qr  k  2
dr r  1/ r1    1/ r2  
 Ts ,1  Ts,2 
4 k
qr  4 r 2qr 
 1  2 
1/ r  1/ r
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  (3.35)
 1/ r1    1/ r2 
Rt ,cond  (3.36)
4 k
• Composite Shell:
T
qr  overall  UAToverall
Rtot
UA  Rtot 1  Constant
1
U i   Ai Rtot   Depends on Ai
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating
Problem 3.23: Assessment of thermal barrier coating (TBC) for protection

of turbine blades. Determine maximum blade temperature
with and without TBC.
Schematic:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a composite plane wall, (2) Constant
properties, (3) Negligible radiation.
Problem: Thermal Barrier (Cont.)
ANALYSIS: For a unit area, the total thermal resistance with the TBC is
 , w  ho1   L k   Rt, c   L k   hi1

Rtot Zr In
 
 , w  103  3.85  104  104  2  104  2  103 m2  K W =3.69×10-3 m2 × K W
Rtot
With a heat flux of

T, o  T, i 1300 K
 
qw  =3.52×105 W m 2
 , w
Rtot 3.69×10-3 m 2 × K W
the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are
Ts , i ( w)  T, i   qw
 hi  
 
400 K+ 3.52×105 W m 2 500 W m 2 ×K =1104 K
Ts , o ( w)  T , i   1 hi    L k  In  qw

 -3
=400 K+ 2×10 +2×10
-4
 m × K W  3.52×10
2 5
W m
2
 =1174 K
Problem: Thermal Barrier (Cont.)
Without the TBC,

1 1
, wo  ho   L k  In  hi
 -3 2
Rtot  3.20×10 m × K W

  T, o  T , i
qwo   , wo
Rtot  4.06105 W/m2.
the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are
Ts,i(wo)  T,i   q wo hi   1212 K
Ts , o ( wo )  T , i    1 hi    L 
k  In q wo
  1293 K
Use of the TBC facilitates operation of the Inconel below T max = 1250 K.
COMMENTS: Since the durability of the TBC decreases with increasing temperature, which increases
with increasing thickness, limits to its thickness are associated with reliability considerations.
Problem: Radioactive Waste Decay
Problem 3.62: Suitability of a composite spherical shell for storing

radioactive wastes in oceanic waters.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Constant

properties at 300K, (4) Negligible contact resistance.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Lead: k = 35.3 W/mK, MP = 601K; St.St.: 15.1 W/mK.
ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit, it follows that

T  T 4 
q= 1  q   r13 
R tot 3 
Problem: Radioactive Waste Decay (Cont.)
The thermal resistances are:

 1 1 
R Pb  1/  4  35.3 W/m  K       0.00150 K/W
 0.25m 0.30m 
 1 1 
R St.St.  1/  4 15.1 W/m  K      0.000567 K/W
 0.30m 0.31m 
 
R conv  1/ 4  0.312 m 2  500 W/m 2  K   0.00166 K/W
 
R tot  0.00372 K/W.

The heat rate is then
3
q=5  105 W/m3  4 / 3  0.25m   32, 725 W
and the inner surface temperature is

T1  T  R tot q=283K+0.00372K/W  32,725 W   405 K < MP = 601K.
Hence, from the thermal standpoint, the proposal is adequate.
COMMENTS: In fabrication, attention should be given to maintaining a good thermal contact. A

protective outer coating should be applied to prevent long term corrosion of the stainless steel.

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One-Dimensional, Steady-State

How does qr vary with r ?

• Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

• Composite Wall with

But, U itself is tied to specification of an interface.

How does qr vary with r ?

• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

• Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

Problem 3.23: Assessment of thermal barrier coating (TBC) for protection

 , w  ho1   L k   Rt, c   L k   hi1

With a heat flux of

the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are

Without the TBC,

the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are

Ts,i(wo)  T,i   q wo hi   1212 K

Problem 3.62: Suitability of a composite spherical shell for storing

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Constant

ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit, it follows that

The thermal resistances are:

R tot  0.00372 K/W.

and the inner surface temperature is

Hence, from the thermal standpoint, the proposal is adequate.

COMMENTS: In fabrication, attention should be given to maintaining a good thermal contact. A

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