Frequently Asked Questions What Are Monerans? How Does Monera Feed? Where Is Monera Found? How Are Monerans Classified? How Does Monera Reproduce?

FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
• What are Monerans?

• How does Monera feed?
• Where is Monera found?
• How are Monerans classified?
• How does Monera reproduce?
•Kingdom Monera belongs to the
prokaryote family.
•The organisms belonging to this

kingdom do not contain a true nucleus.
•Their DNA is not enclosed within the

nucleus.
• These are the oldest known

microorganisms on earth.
found mostly in a moist environment Do not possess any membrane-bound
 hot springs, organelles
 Snow
 deep oceans
 as parasites in other organisms.
1.unicellular organisms
2.contain 70S ribosomes
3.The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear

membrane
4.lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes,

plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum,
centrosome, etc
5.They reproduce asexually by binary fission or

CHARACTERS OF MONERA budding
6.The cell wall is rigid and made up of

peptidoglycan
7.Flagellum serves as the locomotory organ
8.These are environmental decomposers
9.They show different modes of nutrition such as

autotrophic, parasitic, heterotrophic, or saprophytic.
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
microscopic
organisms
BACTERIA
microscopic
organisms
can survive in
diverse
environments
BACTERIA
microscopic
organisms
can survive in
diverse
environments
without
possess aa
nucleus and a
simple
few cell
structure
organelles
BACTERIA
surrounded by two
protective coverings
BACTERIA
surrounded by two
protective coverings
the outer cell wall and

the inner cell membrane
BACTERIA
some bacteria are also

covered by a capsule
BACTERIA
some do not have a cell wall

Eg: Mycoplasm
BACTERIA
Short whip-like extensions known as pili

surround the surface of the bacteria.
BACTERIA The long whip-like
structures are known as
flagella
Short whip-like extensions known as pili

surround the surface of the bacteria.
Mode of Nutrition
autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic bacteria derive nutrition from

inorganic substances
They derive carbon and hydrogen from

atmospheric carbon dioxide, H2, H2S, and NH3.
The heterotrophic bacteria depend upon external

organic materials for their food. Saprotrophs
Symbionts
Parasites
Bacterial Shape
Bacterial Shape
Morphological characteristics
• Size
• Shape
• arrangement of the bacterial cells
of pathogenic bacteria help in the preliminary
identification of isolates.
The shape of a bacterium is determined by its

rigid cell wall
Cocci- Bacteria are spherical or oval in shape. Bacterial Shape
These can be
• micrococcus (single)
• diplococcus (in pairs)
• tetracoccus (in fours)
• streptococcus (in chains)
• staphylococcus (in clusters like grapes)
Bacilli- These are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.
Vibrios- These are comma or kidney-shaped small bacteria with

flagella at one end.
Spirillum- These are spiral or coiled shaped. They are rigid forms due
to the spiral structure and bear flagella at one or both the ends.
Filament- The body consists of small filaments like fungal mycelia.
Stalked- The bacterium possesses a stalk.
Budded– The body of the bacterium is swollen at places.

CLASSIFICATION
OF
MONERA
C
L
A
S
S
I 3
F
I
Sub-Kingdoms
C
A
T
I
O
N
C
L ARCHAEBACTERIA
A
S
S
I 3
F
I
Sub-Kingdoms
EUBACTERIA
C
A
T
I
O CYANOBACTERIA
N
• MOST ANCIENT BACTERIA
A
R • FOUND IN THE MOST EXTREME HABITATS (extremophiles)
C
H
eg: halophiles (salty area)
A thermoacidophiles (hot springs)
E methanogens (marshy areas)
B
A
C
T
E
R
I
A
• MOST ANCIENT BACTERIA
A
R • FOUND IN THE MOST EXTREME HABITATS (extremophiles)
C
H
eg: halophiles (salty area)
A thermoacidophiles (hot springs)
E methanogens (marshy areas)
B The structure of the cell wall is different from that of the other bacteria
A
C which helps them survive in extreme conditions.
T
E Rigid cell wall provides shape and support to the Archaebacteria -
R protects the cell from bursting under hypotonic conditions.
I
A
The mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
The nucleotide sequences of its t-RNA and r-RNA is unique-diverged from
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• a.k.a “true bacteria”.
E • The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycans.

U
B • It moves with the help of flagella.
A
C • A few bacteria contain short appendages on the cell surface, known as
T pili which help the bacteria during sexual reproduction.
E Pili also helps a pathogen to attach to the host.
R
I • They are divided into two categories; gram-positive and gram-
A negative, depending upon the nature of the cell wall and the stain
they take.
• Rhizobium and Clostridium are two eubacteria.

E
U
B
A
C
T
E
R
I
A
E
U
B
A
C
T Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer
E lipid membrane
R
I Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and have an
A outer lipid membrane
E
U
B
A
C
T
E
R
I
A
These are also known as blue-green algae. CAROTENOIDS
C
Y NATURALLY OCCURRING PIGMENTS
A These bacteria are photosynthetic in nature. RICHLY COLORED MOLECULES
N
O
B They contain chlorophyll, carotenoids and PHYCOBILINS
A phycobilins. LIGHT-CAPTURING
C
T
E They are found in the aquatic region.
R
I
Some of these even fix atmospheric nitrogen.
A
Nostoc, Anabaena, Spirulina are some cyanobacteria.

C
Y
A NOSTOC
N
O
B
A ANABAENA
C
T
E
R
I SPIRULINA
A
Frequently Asked Questions
What are Monerans?
Monerans are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms found in
a moist environment and lack a true nucleus.
How does Monera feed?
Monera break down the dead matter and food in our
digestive system. They can also prepare their own food,
but bacteria feed on dead matter.
THE
Where is Monera found?
Monera is found in the moist environment. They can be END
found in hot springs deep oceans, snow and as parasites
in organisms.
How are Monerans classified?
Monerans are classified into three phyla:
•Archaebacteria
•Eubacteria
•Cyanobacteria
How does Monera reproduce?
Monera reproduces asexually by binary fission during
favourable conditions or endospore formation during
unfavourable conditions. They reproduce sexually by a
process called conjugation.

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FREQUENTLY ASKED

• What are Monerans?

•The organisms belonging to this

•Their DNA is not enclosed within the

• These are the oldest known

2.contain 70S ribosomes

3.The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear

4.lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes,

5.They reproduce asexually by binary fission or

6.The cell wall is rigid and made up of

7.Flagellum serves as the locomotory organ

8.These are environmental decomposers

9.They show different modes of nutrition such as

the outer cell wall and

some bacteria are also

some do not have a cell wall

Short whip-like extensions known as pili

Short whip-like extensions known as pili

Autotrophic bacteria derive nutrition from

They derive carbon and hydrogen from

The heterotrophic bacteria depend upon external

The shape of a bacterium is determined by its

Bacilli- These are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.

Vibrios- These are comma or kidney-shaped small bacteria with

Filament- The body consists of small filaments like fungal mycelia.

Stalked- The bacterium possesses a stalk.

Budded– The body of the bacterium is swollen at places.

E • The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycans.

• Rhizobium and Clostridium are two eubacteria.

Nostoc, Anabaena, Spirulina are some cyanobacteria.

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