Vapor-Liquid Equilibria: Introduction To Chemical Engineering Calculations

31 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations
Lecture 7.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria
7 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria and Saturation
Vapor and Gas
Vapor
A substance that is below its critical temperature.
Gas
A substance that is above its critical temperature
(but below the critical pressure).
For the same pressure, a vapor is more easily condensed

while a gas is normally non-condensable.
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
2
The PT Dia gram
SLIDE
3
Definition of Terms
Vapor Pressure
Pressure of the vapor when the vapor and liquid of a pure
component are in equilibrium. Also referred to as saturated
pressure.
Saturated Temperature
Temperature at which the vapor and liquid will co-exist at a
given pressure. C om m on ly referred to as the boiling or
condensation point.
Dew Point
The temperature when the vapor starts to condense.
Bubble Point
The temperature when the liquid starts to vaporize.
SLIDE
4
Definition of Terms
Saturated Vapor and Saturated Liquid

Vapor and liquid at the saturated P and saturated T.
Subcooled Liquid
A liquid that is below its saturated T at a given pressure.
Compressed Liquid
A liquid that is above its saturated P at a given temperature.
Superheated Vapor
A vapor that is above its saturated T at a given pressure.
Quality
For a saturated mixture, quality refers to the m a s s fraction of the
vapor in the mixture.
SLIDE
5
The PT Dia gram
SLIDE
6
The PT Dia gram
SLIDE
7
Saturated and Superheated Steam Tables
SLIDE
8
Properties of Saturated Mixture
For a saturated mixture,
Vˆl (1  x)  Vˆg (x)  Vˆmixture
Hˆ l (1  x)  Hˆ g (x)  Hˆ
mixture
Uˆ l (1  x)  Uˆ g (x)  Uˆ
mixture SLIDE
9
Example 7/8-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water
For each of the conditions of temperature and pressure

listed below for water, state whether the water is a solid,
liquid, saturated mixture, or superheated vapor. If it is
a saturated mixture, calculate the quality.
State P (kPa) T (K) V (m3/kg)
1 2000 475 ---
2 1000 500 0.2206
3 101.3 400 ---
4 245.6 400 0.505
SLIDE
10
Example 7-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water
Using the saturated steam table,
State P (kPa) T (K) Phase
1 2000 475 Liquid
2 1000 500 Vapor
3 101.3 400 Vapor
4 245.6 400 Saturated
SLIDE
11
From the saturated steam pressure table,
By 2-point linear interpolation, properties at P = 245.6

can be estimated:
Vm
ˆl 3
/ kg and Vm
ˆg 3 / kg
SLIDE
12
If x is the quality of the saturated mixture, then
 m3 
 m3  m3
 1 x    x   0.505
 kg  kg  kg
Solving for x,
x = 0.69
SLIDE
13
Change of Vapor Pressure with Temperature
M a n y functional forms have been proposed to predict vapor

pressure (p*) from temperature. One of these functions is
the Antoine equation:
B
ln (p*)  A
 C
T
Where p* = vapor pressure of the substance, m m H g
T = temperature, K
A, B, C = constants for each

substance
SLIDE
14
The Clapeyron equation is another function relating

vapor pressure p * and temperature T:
dP* Hˆ V

dT T(Vˆg 
Where p* = vaporVˆpressure
l) of the
substance T = temperature
H V = latent heat of vaporization
Vg , V l = specific molar volumes of vapor
and liquid, respectively
SLIDE
15
Simplifications of the Clapeyron equation:
1. Specific molar volume of liquid is very small compared

to specific molar volume of the vapor, such that
(Vˆg  Vˆ)l  Vˆg
2. The vapor is assumed to behave ideally.
 P
RT
Vg
ˆ *
SLIDE
16
The Clapeyron equation then becomes,
dP*  P* HˆV
dT
RT2
dP* HˆV  dT2 
 R
P * and
Separating the variables integrating to yield
the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
T 
HˆV
ln(P*)   RT  B
SLIDE
17
Example 7-2. Estimation of Normal BP Using the Antoine Equation
Determine the % error if the Antoine equation is used to

estimate the normal boiling point of benzene. From
literature value, the normal boiling point of benzene is
353.26 K.
Solution:
For benzene, values of the constants for the Antoine

equation are:
A = 15.9008
B = 2788.51
C = -52.36
SLIDE
18
Example 7-2. Estimation of Normal BP Using the Antoine Equation
Using the Antoine equation,
2788.51
ln (760 mmHg)  15.9008
 52.36 
T
Solving for temperature, T = 353.3
K
The percent error is,

353.26 K  353.3K
% error  353.26 100  0.01%
K
SLIDE
19
Example 7-3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
The vapor pressure of benzene is measured at two

temperatures, with the following results:
T1 = 7.6 0C P*1 = 40 mm Hg
T2 = 15.4 0C P*2 = 60 mm
Hg
Calculate the latent heat of vaporization and the
parameter B in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and then
estimate P* at 42.2 0 C us ing this equation.
SLIDE
20
The Clausius-Clapeyron is a linear equation with:
x1 y
ln(P*)
T
Hˆ V
m
bB
R
Solving for slope, m:
R x  1 1 T1  T2 
T T 
m
Hˆ V

y  ln(P *2 )2  ln(P
1  *1)

T1T2
ln(P *2 /P *1 ) SLIDE
21
Using absolute values for temperature:
T1 = 280.8 K and T2 = 288.6 K
The slope is computed as:
 60 mmHg 
 280.8 K288.6 K ln
m V
 40 mmHg 
HR
ˆ
280.8 K  288.6

HˆV
m   R  4213 KK
SLIDE
22
A n d the latent heat of vaporization is:
HˆV  4213K R  4213K 8.314 J   35, 030 J

mol K
mol
The intercept b (b = B) can be determined as follows:
Hˆ V
B  ln(P *1 )  RT1  ln(P 2* ) RT2
Hˆ V
B  ln(40 )   4213  
280.8
18.69
SLIDE
23
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for benzene can now be

written as:
ln(P*)   4213
T 18.69
At T = 42.2 0 C = 315.4 K, the vapor pressure of benzene is
4213
ln(P*)   315.418.69  5.334
P*  exp 5.334  207

mmHg
SLIDE
24
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Multi-component Systems
Consider a binary mixture with components A and B.
Vapor
YA (PA)
YB (PB)
Heating
Liquid
XA0
Liquid
XA
XB0 XB
Note: X, Y = mole fractions of the component in the vapor and

liquid phases, respectively.
SLIDE
25
For multi-component systems,
Pi = f(xi)
This functional relationship is given by
1. Raoult’s Law – generally used when x i is close to 1.
2. Henry’s Law – generally used when x i is close to 0.
SLIDE
26
Henry’s Law:
Pi = x i H i
where Pi = partial pressure of component i in the
vapor phase.
= y i P T (if the vapor behaves ideally)
xi = mole fraction of component i in the

liquid phase.
H i = Henry’s law
constant
SLIDE
27
Raoult’s Law:
Pi = xiP*i
where Pi = partial pressure of component i in the
vapor phase.
= y i P T (if the vapor behaves ideally)
xi = mole fraction of component i in the

liquid phase.
P T = total
pressure
SLIDE
28
If the vapor behaves ideally, the Raoult’s law becomes
yiPT = xiP*i
Rearranging the equation,
yi P *i
xi   iK
PT
where K i is the V-L equilibrium constant.
SLIDE
29
Example 7-4. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculation
Suppose that a liquid mixture of 4.0% n-hexane (A) in

n-octane (B) is vaporized. What is the composition of
the first vapor formed if the total pressure is 1.00 atm?
Values of the Antoine constants for n-octane are:
A = 15.9798
B = 3127.60
C=–
63.63
SLIDE
30
Solution:
A s s u m i n g the vapor behaves ideally, the composition of

the vapor is determined us ing the Raoult’s law:
y A  P *A x A
PT
y B  P *B x B
PT
SLIDE
31
Upon formation of the first vapor, the composition of the

liquid is essentially the same as the initial composition.
Hence,
xA = 0.040 and xB = 1 – xA =0.960
The vapor pressures of A and B are calculated us ing the

Antoine equation:
B
ln (P*)  A
 C
T
SLIDE
32
For n-hexane:
2697.55 
P* A  exp15.8366 48.78  T
 
For n-octane:
3127.60 
P* B  exp15.9798 63.63  T
 
Since vaporization temperature is not given, the next
step in the calculation is to determine its value.
SLIDE
33
For the vapor mixture,
PT = PA + PB
Using Raoult’s Law,
PT = P*AxA + P*BxB = 1.00 atm = 760 mmHg
Using the expressions for the vapor pressures as defined by

the Antoine equation
15.8366 2697.55   15.9798 3127.60  

e  48.78T 
0.040   e  63.63T 
0.960 
760
SLIDE
34
The last equation is a non-linear equation. To find the value

of T, Newton’s method is used by defining f(T) as:
15.8366  2697.55  15.9798  3127.60 

f(T) = 0.040e  48.78T   0.960e  63.63T   760  0
Similar to example 6-4, the temperature value that will

satisfy this equation is determined us ing the
following iteration formula:
 f (Tk )
Tk1  Tk f '(T )
k
SLIDE
35
Differentiating f(T):
15.8366  2697.55  15.9798  3127.60 

48.78T  3002.496e 63.63T 
107.902e 
f '(T) =
T  48.782 T 
63.63
A n y value for the 2
temperature may be used as initial guess.
For this example, the following initial guess is used:
T0 = 1000 K
SLIDE
36
Step T K (K) f(T) f'(T) T K + 1 (K) E
0 1000.0 313163.50 1109.32 717.70 282.301
1 717.70 74657.88 544.43 580.57 137.13
2 580.57 20838.65 248.65 496.76 83.81
3 496.76 6084.77 111.72 442.30 54.46
4 442.30 1721.87 52.72 409.64 32.66
5 409.64 403.40 29.46 395.95 13.69
6 395.95 51.14 22.21 393.65 2.30
7 393.65 1.24 21.12 393.59 0.06
SLIDE
37
For T = 393.59 K, the vapor pressures of n-hexane and

n-octane are:
P*A = 3019.92 mm Hg
P*B = 665.86 mm Hg
A n d the composition of the first vapor

formed is:
3019.92
y A  760 0.040  0.159
y B  665.68
760 0.960  0.841
SLIDE
38
Consider a mixture of a vapor (A) and a non-

condensable gas (B).
Vapor
YA (PA)
YB (PB)
Gas Mixture
YA (PA) Cooling
YB (PB)
Liquid
XA
SLIDE
39
(Terms and s y m bo ls in parenthesis refer specifically to air-water system.)
Relative Saturation (Relative Humidity)
PV
1 0 0
s r  h r  P * V
Absolute Saturation (Absolute Humidity)
m a s s of vapor P V MW V

s a  h a  m a s s o f vapor-free gas
PT  PV  MW G
Molal Saturation (Molal Humidity)
moles of vapor PV

s m h m  
molesof vapor-free gas PT  PV

SLIDE
40
Example 7-5. Humidity of Air
H um i d air at 75 0 C, 1.1 bar, and 3 0% relative humidity is fed

into a process unit at a rate of 1 0 0 0 m 3 /h. Determine:
a. the molar flow rates of water, dry air, and

oxygen entering the process unit.
b. the molal humidity and absolute humidity.
c. the dew point.
A s s u m e ideal gas behavior.
SLIDE
41
Solution for (a):
Determine the mole fraction of water:
y H2O  PH 2O
PT
The partial pressure of water is calculated from

relative humidity:

 h r 
PH 2O  P* H 2O  100 
SLIDE
42
At T = 75 0 C,
P*H2O = 289 mm Hg
A n d the partial pressure of water is,
PH2O = (289 mm Hg)(0.3) = 86.7 mm Hg
For a total pressure of 1.1 bar = 8 2 5 m m Hg, the mole

fraction of water is,
y H2O 86.7 mm Hg mol H2 O

  0.105
825 mm Hg mol HA
SLIDE
43
Determine the molar flow rate of humid air:


nA  P V  1.1bar1000 m3 / h  38.0 h
kmol
RT 
m3  bar 
 0.0831kmol  K  75  273 K
The molar flow rate of water can now be

obtained:

 kmol HA   0.105 kmol H2 O  kmol H2 O
n H2O   38.0  
 h  kmol  3.99 h

HA
SLIDE
44
The molar flow rate of dry

air:
 kmol
 kmol   1 0.105 kmol DA
nDA   38.0 h   kmol   34.0 DA h
 
 HA 
The molar flow rate of O 2 :
 kmol O2
 kmol DA   0.21kmol O2
n O2  34.0 h   kmol 
  7.14 h
 
DA
SLIDE
45
Solution for (b):
The absolute humidity (ha):
ha  PH 2O MWH 2O 
86.718  0.0726
kg H2 O
kg
PT  PH2O  DA
825  86.729
DA
MW
The molal humidity (hm):
86.7
hm  PH2O   0.117 mol
mol H 2 O
PT  H  825 
2O 86.7 DA
P
SLIDE
46
Solution for (c):
At the dew point,
PH2O = P*H2O = 86.7 mmHg
From vapor pressure data for water, this vapor pressure of

water occurs at:
T = 48.70C
This is the dew point since at this temperature, water

will start to condense.
SLIDE
47

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31 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations

Vapor and Gas

For the same pressure, a vapor is more easily condensed

The PT Dia gram

Saturated Vapor and Saturated Liquid

The PT Dia gram

The PT Dia gram

Saturated and Superheated Steam Tables

Properties of Saturated Mixture

For a saturated mixture,

Vˆl (1  x)  Vˆg (x)  Vˆmixture

Example 7/8-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water

For each of the conditions of temperature and pressure

State P (kPa) T (K) V (m3/kg)

1 2000 475 ---

2 1000 500 0.2206

3 101.3 400 ---

4 245.6 400 0.505

Example 7-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water

Using the saturated steam table,

State P (kPa) T (K) Phase

1 2000 475 Liquid

2 1000 500 Vapor

3 101.3 400 Vapor

4 245.6 400 Saturated

Example 7-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water

From the saturated steam pressure table,

By 2-point linear interpolation, properties at P = 245.6

Example 7-1. Vapor-Liquid Properties of Water

If x is the quality of the saturated mixture, then

Change of Vapor Pressure with Temperature

M a n y functional forms have been proposed to predict vapor

A, B, C = constants for each

Change of Vapor Pressure with Temperature

The Clapeyron equation is another function relating

Change of Vapor Pressure with Temperature

Simplifications of the Clapeyron equation:

1. Specific molar volume of liquid is very small compared

(Vˆg  Vˆ)l  Vˆg

2. The vapor is assumed to behave ideally.

Change of Vapor Pressure with Temperature

The Clapeyron equation then becomes,

Example 7-2. Estimation of Normal BP Using the Antoine Equation

Determine the % error if the Antoine equation is used to

For benzene, values of the constants for the Antoine

Example 7-2. Estimation of Normal BP Using the Antoine Equation

Using the Antoine equation,

The percent error is,

Example 7-3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The vapor pressure of benzene is measured at two

Example 7-3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius-Clapeyron is a linear equation with:

Example 7-3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Using absolute values for temperature:

T1 = 280.8 K and T2 = 288.6 K

The slope is computed as:

Example 7-3. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

A n d the latent heat of vaporization is:

PT = PAxA + PBxB = 1.00 atm = 760 mmHg