Unit 2 Phase Changes Notes

Unit 2 Notes
These are also available on Canvas in more

detail!
Phase Changes
Endothermic: heat is taken in or
absorbed during the process
Greek word-part: endo- within, in

Exothermic: heat is released during
the process
Greek word-part: exo- out of,

outside
Phase Changes
Attraction between particles

● ↑ Temp, ↑ energy, then ↓ attraction
● ↓ Temp, ↓ energy, then ↑ attraction
● Attraction affects particles spacing

○ ↑ attraction, closer together
○ ↓ attraction, farther apart
STOP HERE!
You should be finished with phase change packet.
Work on Phase Changes Homework #1 on Canvas

Heating Curves
** Can be read up or
Slanted parts down the curve!
- represent times when the
substance is increasing in
temperature due to the heat
energy being added to it
- ice warming up
- water warming up
- steam warming up
Heating Curves
** Can be read up or
Flat parts: down the curve!
- represent times when the

substance is not increasing in
temperature even though
energy is still being added
- melting/freezing
- boiling/condensing
Heating Curves
Why does the curve level off

instead of just going up?
The energy being added is being

used by the substance to break
the attractive forces between the
particles, which enables it to
change phases
Calculating Heat
We can calculate how much heat energy is required to heat

something up to a desired temperature.
What are some factors that will affect how much heat it
takes to heat something up?
Mass How much do you What you are

want to heat it up heating
Calculating Heat
Let’s take a closer
look at this part
Formula to use:
Q = m c ΔT
Heat mass
change in temp
specific
heat
Specific Heat Value
So what is “C” exactly?
- Specific heat is the amount of energy required for

1 gram of a substance to increase 1℃.
- How do I remember this?!? LOOK AT THE UNITS!

- Water has a specific heat of 4.18 J/g℃
Specific Heat Value Comparison
- Things with high specific heat values take more heat
energy to change temp
Examples: liquid water: 4.18 J/g℃, liquid ammonia: 4.70 J/g℃
- Things with lower specific heat values take less heat

energy to change temp
Examples: Copper: 0.358 J/g℃, Silver: 0.235 J/g℃

Specific Heat in the Real World
Pots and Pans
- Lots of cookware are made up metals that have low specific heat values,
so that they warm up quickly to help you cook your food.
- Silver has a very low specific heat value, why isn’t it use in pots and pan?
Sand Vs. Water at the beach

- On a hot day at the beach, the sun is beating down on the
water and the sand with the same amount heat. So, why is
the sand so much hotter than the water?
STOP HERE!
Do the Specific Heat and

Basic Calculation HW on
Canvas
Total Heat Calculations
- We’ve been using q= mcΔT. But so far none of calculations
dealt with a phase change, only warming or cooling.
Notice what part of the

curve our calculations
have been dealing with
so far.
Total Heat Calculations
- We need to calculate heat

energy needed to undergo a
phase change.
- Why can’t we use q= mcΔT when
calculating heat needed for
phase changes? (Hint: look at
the heating curve --->)
New Formula for Phase Changes
We can’t use q= mcΔT because there is no change in

temperature during phase changes. This means we need a
different formula. They are:
q= mΔHfusion (used for melting/freezing)
q= mΔHvaporization (used for boiling/condensing)
***ΔH values are on the back of the periodic table and are specific to the
substance you are heating!
If you find
yourself
struggling with
the steps,
come back to
this slide! Very
helpful!
Example problem
How much energy does it take to change 75.0 g of liquid

water into steam?
q= mΔHvaporization
q= (75.0 g) (2259 J/g)
q= 169,425 J is required to undergo the phase change.

**Now we know how to calculate heat for any part of the heating curve!!
STOP HERE!
Do Total Heat practice problems in class.
Key will be posted after class on Canvas.

Gas Pressure Vs. Vapor Pressure
Gas Pressure: when gas particles collide with

each other and their container
● Think of atmospheric (air) pressure
Vapor Pressure: gas particles above a liquid are

colliding with each other and their container
● Some gain energy and turn into a gas.

● Some lose energy and turn back into a liquid
Vapor Pressure vs. Atmospheric Pressure
● Gas particles can only escape once

the vapor pressure is equal to or
greater than that of the atmospheric
pressure.
● The particles in the vapor are
pushing up and the particles in the
atmosphere are pushing down.
How do you increase vapor pressure? Add heat!

Altitude Effect on Boiling Point
As you go up the mountain, air

pressure goes down.
So, less energy is needed to

boil. Boiling point goes down.
How does heat move?
From hot to cold… another example of things moving from high to low.
● When you go outside on a hot day, heat from the air is
transferring to you.
● When you leave the door open on a hot day, you are not
letting the cold air out, but rather the warm air is coming in.
● When you feel the metal leg of the chair, it feels cold. When
you touched it, you transferred heat to the leg, which left
your hand feeling cool.
Phase Changes: Vaporization
Evaporation is one type of vaporization, or one way a

liquid turns to a gas.
● Heat from above the liquid transfer energy to the

liquid particles on the top, which break free from the
attractive forces and become gas particles
● The other molecules (in blue) do not change in
temperature
● Increasing the temperature increase the vapor
pressure which allows them to overcome
atmospheric pressure and escape
Phase Changes: Vaporization
Boiling is a bit different, as the heat is added

to the bottom of the substance.
● The heated particle gains energy and

bubbles through the liquid until it reaches
the surface
● It will escape as long as the vapor
pressure is equal to or greater than the
atmospheric pressure
Both Temperature AND Pressure Affect
Phase Changes
Vapor Pressure Diagrams
Changing the atmospheric
pressure will change the
boiling point of substances,
because it changes the
amount of force pressing
down on the particles.
Less pressure= lower B.P.
High pressure= higher B.P.

Why do some liquids boil at lower temps?
Chloroform boils at 60 ℃ at standard

pressure, while water boils at 100 ℃
at the same pressure.
This is because chloroform has

weaker attractions, so it takes less
energy to break those attractions.
Weaker attractions=lower B.P.
Stronger attractions= higher B.P.

Vapor Pressure in the Real World
Atmosphere pressure in
Denver is about 82 kPa.
Let’s see how that
affects the boiling point
of water.
Phase Changes Depend on Temp and Pressure
A phase change diagram, also known
as a triple point diagram, of a
substance shows you the state the
substance will be in at a given
temperature and pressure.
Triple Point: all 3 phases (point B)
Critical Point: can’t differentiate between gas

and liquid (point C)
Phase Changes Depend on Temp and Pressure
Line AB: exists as both solid and gas
Line BC: exists as both liquid and gas
Line BD: exists as both solid and liquid
Crossing these lines in one direction or

the other represent phase changes.
Changing the Temp and Pressure
Review
Things can only vaporize if the vapor
pressure is equal to or greater than the
atmospheric pressure.
**When the vapor pressure is

equal to the atmospheric
pressure, that is its boiling point,
since the particles are escaping
the liquid and becoming gas
particles.

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Unit 2 Notes

These are also available on Canvas in more

Greek word-part: endo- within, in

Greek word-part: exo- out of,

Attraction between particles

● ↓ Temp, ↓ energy, then ↑ attraction

● Attraction affects particles spacing

You should be finished with phase change packet.

Work on Phase Changes Homework #1 on Canvas

- represent times when the

Why does the curve level off

The energy being added is being

We can calculate how much heat energy is required to heat

Mass How much do you What you are

So what is “C” exactly?

- Specific heat is the amount of energy required for

- How do I remember this?!? LOOK AT THE UNITS!

Examples: liquid water: 4.18 J/g℃, liquid ammonia: 4.70 J/g℃

- Things with lower specific heat values take less heat

Examples: Copper: 0.358 J/g℃, Silver: 0.235 J/g℃

Pots and Pans

Sand Vs. Water at the beach

Do the Specific Heat and

Notice what part of the

- We need to calculate heat

We can’t use q= mcΔT because there is no change in

q= mΔHvaporization (used for boiling/condensing)

How much energy does it take to change 75.0 g of liquid

q= 169,425 J is required to undergo the phase change.

Do Total Heat practice problems in class.

Key will be posted after class on Canvas.

Gas Pressure: when gas particles collide with

● Think of atmospheric (air) pressure

Vapor Pressure: gas particles above a liquid are

● Some gain energy and turn into a gas.

● Gas particles can only escape once

How do you increase vapor pressure? Add heat!

As you go up the mountain, air

So, less energy is needed to

Evaporation is one type of vaporization, or one way a

● Heat from above the liquid transfer energy to the

Boiling is a bit different, as the heat is added

● The heated particle gains energy and

Less pressure= lower B.P.

High pressure= higher B.P.

Chloroform boils at 60 ℃ at standard

This is because chloroform has

Weaker attractions=lower B.P.

Stronger attractions= higher B.P.

Critical Point: can’t differentiate between gas

Line AB: exists as both solid and gas

Line BC: exists as both liquid and gas

Line BD: exists as both solid and liquid

Crossing these lines in one direction or

**When the vapor pressure is

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