Phases

Chapter 7: Phases
 Physical Changes
o Physical/Phase Change: breaking/forming of intermolecular bonds (melting, freezing, boiling etc)
o Greater temperature = greater kinetic (motion) energy = greater bond breaks = greater entropy
o Solid  liquid (melting/fusion)  gas (boiling/vaporization); OR straight sublimation
o Gas  liquid (condensation)  solid (freezing/crystallization); OR straight deposition
o Average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance directly affects its state/phase
o Phase changes that bring molecules together (i.e. freezing) release heat (and vice versa)
 Think of it like this: if energy is released, the matter has less energy/motion, so will be
like solid. If energy is absorbed, the matter has more energy/motion, so will be like gas
 If heat is being added to a substance, energy is being added to it (more motion). If heat
is being released from a substance, energy is being lost from it (less motion).
 Heats of Phase Changes
o When undergoing a phase change, energy absorbed or released
o Heat of Transition (ΔHtransition): heat energy required for the phase change (i.e. ΔHmelting, ΔHfreezing)
o ΔHtransition for opposite phases have same value but opposite sign (i.e. melting & freezing)
o +ΔHtransition: heat energy was absorbed (or needs to be absorbed)
o -ΔHtransition: heat energy was released (or needs to be released)
o Amount of Heat (q): the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by substance
 Depends on type of substance and amount of substance
o Calorie: amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1g water by 1oC (1 cal = 4.2J)
 Calorimetry
o When substance absorbs/releases heat, its temperature changes OR undergoes phase change
 NOT both as same time; phase change happens at distinct point w/ enough ΔT
 Thus, during a phase transition, temperature of the substance does NOT change
o Amount of heat absorbed/released is proportional to its change in temperature
o Heat Capacity (C): amount of heat needed to change temp of whole substance by 1o
o Specific Heat (c): amount of heat needed to change temp of 1g of substance by 1o
 Intrinsic property that tells a substance’s resistance to temperature change
 Higher the specific heat, smaller the change in temperature (and vice versa)
 Molecules with strong intermolecular forces tend to have higher specific heats
 Phase Transition Diagram
o Plots temperature of substance vs. heat added  showing phase changes
o During a phase transition, temperature of the substance does NOT change
o Greater the value of heat of transition, the greater the flat lines
o Slopes = 1/C (aka the reciprocal of the substance’s heat capacity in that phase)
o Substance’s heat of vaporization is always higher than its heat of melting/fusion
 Phase Diagrams
o Shows how phases are determined by both temperature AND pressure
 i.e. at higher temperature, gas can still be squeezed into liquid if pressure high enough
o Boundary Line: two phases in equilibrium, crossing line means phase transition
o Normal Melting Point: at point it would “normally” (at standard 1 atm pressure) melt
o Normal Boiling Point: at point it would “normally” (at standard 1 atm pressure) boil
o Triple Point: temperature and pressure where all three phases in equilibrium
o Critical Point: end of liquid-gas boundary. Any further increase in temperature will cause
substance to become supercritical fluid (no longer in a distinct liquid or gas phase)
 No increase in pressure can revert the substance back into its liquid phase
 Phase Diagram for Water
o Water (amongst some other substances) is denser in liquid than in solid – thus, its solid-liquid
boundary line is slightly negatively sloped (if pressure increased enough, can solid  liquid)
o i.e. Skater on ice – so much pressure on ice from skates, momentarily makes solid ice turn into
water before they move (thus pressure removed) and the water freezes again
Heat for Phase Change qΔH = nsubstance x ΔHtransition

(tells heat Heat Absorbed/Released = molessubstance x Heat Energy Required for Transition
absorbed/released for
phase change)
Heat for Temp Change qΔT = mcΔT
(tells heat Heat Absorbed/Released = masssubstance x Specific Heatsubstance x Change in Temperature
absorbed/released for
temperature change)
Heat Capacity (C) C = mc
Heat Capacity = masssubstance x Specific Heatsubstance

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Chapter 7: Phases

Heat for Phase Change qΔH = nsubstance x ΔHtransition

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