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Phases

This document discusses phases and phase changes of matter. It covers physical changes like melting and boiling, heats of phase changes, using calorimetry to measure heat transfer during phase changes, phase transition diagrams and common phase diagrams including the phase diagram for water.

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boom.frog
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9 views

Phases

This document discusses phases and phase changes of matter. It covers physical changes like melting and boiling, heats of phase changes, using calorimetry to measure heat transfer during phase changes, phase transition diagrams and common phase diagrams including the phase diagram for water.

Uploaded by

boom.frog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7: Phases

 Physical Changes
o Physical/Phase Change: breaking/forming of intermolecular bonds (melting, freezing, boiling etc)
o Greater temperature = greater kinetic (motion) energy = greater bond breaks = greater entropy
o Solid  liquid (melting/fusion)  gas (boiling/vaporization); OR straight sublimation
o Gas  liquid (condensation)  solid (freezing/crystallization); OR straight deposition
o Average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance directly affects its state/phase
o Phase changes that bring molecules together (i.e. freezing) release heat (and vice versa)
 Think of it like this: if energy is released, the matter has less energy/motion, so will be
like solid. If energy is absorbed, the matter has more energy/motion, so will be like gas
 If heat is being added to a substance, energy is being added to it (more motion). If heat
is being released from a substance, energy is being lost from it (less motion).
 Heats of Phase Changes
o When undergoing a phase change, energy absorbed or released
o Heat of Transition (ΔHtransition): heat energy required for the phase change (i.e. ΔHmelting, ΔHfreezing)
o ΔHtransition for opposite phases have same value but opposite sign (i.e. melting & freezing)
o +ΔHtransition: heat energy was absorbed (or needs to be absorbed)
o -ΔHtransition: heat energy was released (or needs to be released)
o Amount of Heat (q): the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by substance
 Depends on type of substance and amount of substance
o Calorie: amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1g water by 1oC (1 cal = 4.2J)
 Calorimetry
o When substance absorbs/releases heat, its temperature changes OR undergoes phase change
 NOT both as same time; phase change happens at distinct point w/ enough ΔT
 Thus, during a phase transition, temperature of the substance does NOT change
o Amount of heat absorbed/released is proportional to its change in temperature
o Heat Capacity (C): amount of heat needed to change temp of whole substance by 1o
o Specific Heat (c): amount of heat needed to change temp of 1g of substance by 1o
 Intrinsic property that tells a substance’s resistance to temperature change
 Higher the specific heat, smaller the change in temperature (and vice versa)
 Molecules with strong intermolecular forces tend to have higher specific heats
 Phase Transition Diagram
o Plots temperature of substance vs. heat added  showing phase changes
o During a phase transition, temperature of the substance does NOT change
o Greater the value of heat of transition, the greater the flat lines
o Slopes = 1/C (aka the reciprocal of the substance’s heat capacity in that phase)
o Substance’s heat of vaporization is always higher than its heat of melting/fusion
 Phase Diagrams
o Shows how phases are determined by both temperature AND pressure
 i.e. at higher temperature, gas can still be squeezed into liquid if pressure high enough
o Boundary Line: two phases in equilibrium, crossing line means phase transition
o Normal Melting Point: at point it would “normally” (at standard 1 atm pressure) melt
o Normal Boiling Point: at point it would “normally” (at standard 1 atm pressure) boil
o Triple Point: temperature and pressure where all three phases in equilibrium
o Critical Point: end of liquid-gas boundary. Any further increase in temperature will cause
substance to become supercritical fluid (no longer in a distinct liquid or gas phase)
 No increase in pressure can revert the substance back into its liquid phase
 Phase Diagram for Water
o Water (amongst some other substances) is denser in liquid than in solid – thus, its solid-liquid
boundary line is slightly negatively sloped (if pressure increased enough, can solid  liquid)
o i.e. Skater on ice – so much pressure on ice from skates, momentarily makes solid ice turn into
water before they move (thus pressure removed) and the water freezes again

Heat for Phase Change qΔH = nsubstance x ΔHtransition


(tells heat Heat Absorbed/Released = molessubstance x Heat Energy Required for Transition
absorbed/released for
phase change)
Heat for Temp Change qΔT = mcΔT
(tells heat Heat Absorbed/Released = masssubstance x Specific Heatsubstance x Change in Temperature
absorbed/released for
temperature change)
Heat Capacity (C) C = mc
Heat Capacity = masssubstance x Specific Heatsubstance

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