States of Matter Solids and Liquids

States of matter Solids
and Liquids
1
Gases, Solids, and Liquids
Particle Properties
Phase Spacing Energy Motion Volume Shape
Solid close low vibrational definite definite
Liquid close moderate rotational definite indefinite
Gas far apart high translational indefinite indefinite
2
Other States of Matter
Amorphous Solids
Most solids with particles in repeating geometric
patterns are crystals. Those with particles
arranged randomly are amorphous. Glasses are
one type of amorphous solid
Plasmas
a. Hot, ionized gas particles.
b. Electrically charged.
c. Most common state in universe.
3
Examples of Plasmas
4 Chumbler - Properties of Matter

4
Plasmas
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
 Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume because the particles
can move past one another.
 Plasmas are easily compressible because
there is a great deal of free space
between particles.
 Plasmas are good conductors of
electricity and are affected by magnetic
fields because they are composed of ions
(negatively charged electrons and
positively charged nuclei).
5
5
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Heat Movement During
Term for Phase Change
Phase Change Phase Change
Heat goes into

Solid to Melting the solid as it
liquid melts.
Heat leaves the
Liquid to
Freezing liquid as it
solid
freezes.
6
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During

Phase Change Change Phase Change
Vaporization,
which includes Heat goes into the
Liquid to gas
boiling and liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas as
Gas to liquid Condensation
it condenses.
Heat goes into the solid
Solid to gas Sublimation
as it sublimates.
7
Heating Curves
The temperature of most pure substances is
constant during a phase change.
8
Cooling Curves
The temperature of most pure substances is
constant during a phase change.
9
Heat of Fusion
The heat required to
convert a substance
from the solid to the
liquid phase is known as
the heat of fusion
The heat of fusion is a

property of the
substance.
For water the heat of

fusion is 335 Joules per
gram
10
Heat of Vaporization
convert a substance
from the liquid to the gas
phase is known as the
heat of vaporization
The heat of vaporization

for a substance depends
on the temperature
For water the heat of
vaporize a substance is
vaporization is about
generally much higher than
2240 Joules per gram
the heat it takes to melt it.
11
Evaporation
• The molecular velocities of the
particles in the liquid phase
vary according to a Maxwell-
Boltzman distribution
• The faster moving particles at
the surface may escape the
confines of the liquid entirely.
• Some particles in the vapor
phase may be recaptured by
the liquid.
• Since the higher energy
particles are more likely to
escape the average energy of
the liquid particles is reduced.
• Evaporation is a cooling effect,
while condensation is a
warming effect
12
Vapor Pressure
Explaining Vapor Pressure
on the Molecular Level
 Dynamic Equilibrium: the point
when as many molecules escape
the surface as strike the surface.
 Vapor pressure is the pressure
exerted when the liquid and vapor
are in dynamic equilibrium.
13
Vapor Pressure and the Boiling
Point
 Liquids boil when the external pressure equals the vapor
pressure.
 The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with temperature
 The temperature of boiling point increases as pressure
increases.
 There are two ways to get a liquid to boil: increase
temperature or decrease pressure.
 Pressure cookers operate at high pressure. At high
pressure the boiling point of water is higher than at 1 atm.
Therefore, there is a higher temperature at which the
food is cooked, reducing the cooking time required.
 Normal boiling point is the boiling point at 760 torr (1 atm).
14
Gas-Liquid Equilibration
15
Vapor Pressure
Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and
Temperature
16
Phase Diagrams
 A Phase Diagram is a graph of pressure vs. Temperature
summarizing all equilibria between phases.
 Given a temperature and pressure, phase diagrams tell us
which phase(s) will exist.
 Key Features of a phase diagram:
 Vapor-pressure curve: generally as pressure increases,
temperature increases.
 Melting point curve: as pressure increases, the solid
phase is favored if the solid is more dense than the liquid
Triple point: temperature and pressure at which all three
phases are in equilibrium.
 Normal boiling and melting points (I.e. at 1 atm)
 Critical point: critical temperature and pressure for the
gas.
17
Phase Diagrams
 Any temperature and pressure combination not
on a curve represents a single phase.
18
Phase Diagram
A phase diagram shows the relationship between
the three phases of matter
The boiling point
of a substance
depends on the
pressure.
The melting point

is not significantly
affected by the
pressure
19
Phase Diagram
The boiling point
of a liquid is the
temperature at
which the vapor
pressure of the
liquid is equal to
atmospheric
pressure
At the triple point

all three phases
are in equilibrium
20
Phase Diagram of H2O
 The melting point curve slopes
to the left because ice is less
dense than water.
 Triple point occurs at 0.0098C
and 4.58 mmHg.
 Normal melting (freezing) point
is 0C.
 Normal boiling point is 100C.
 Critical point is 374C and 218
atm.
21
Phase Diagram of CO2
Carbon Dioxide:
 Triple point occurs at
-56.4C and 5.11 atm.
 Normal sublimation point
is -78.5C. (At 1 atm CO2
sublimes it does not melt.)
 Critical point occurs at
31.1C and 73 atm.
22
Critical Temperature and
Critical Pressure
Gases liquefied by increasing pressure at some
temperature.
 Critical temperature: the minimum temperature for
liquefaction of a gas using pressure.
 Critical pressure: pressure required for liquefaction.
23
Critical Temperature
24
Specific Heat
 The ability of a material to absorb and

release heat depends on its composition
and makeup
 The heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a material 1oC is
called the specific heat.
 For water the specific heat is 4.184 J g-
1oC-1
Phase Change --Problem 1
20.0 g of ice at -10.0oC is heated until it melts and the is
further heated to a final temperature of 40.0oC. Calculate
the total heat change for the ice. The heat of fusion of
ice is 335 Jg-1. The specific heat of ice is 2.05 Jg-1 oC-1 and
that of liquid water is 4.18 J g-1 oC-1 .
Q = (20.0g)(10.0oC)(2.05 Jg-1 oC-1)+ (20.0g)(335 J g-1) +

(20.0g)(4.18J g-1 oC-1)(40.0oC)
Q = 10454 joules or 10.5 kJ

Phase Change –Problem 2
50.0 g of water at 12.0oC is added to 120.0 g of water
at 84.0 oC. Calculate the final temperature of the
water.
Let T = final temperature
Then
(50.0g x (T- 12.0 oC)(4.18Jg-1 oC-1) =(120g)(84.0 oC -T)(4.18Jg-1 oC-1)
50T-600 = 10080 – 120 T
170 T = 10680
T = 62.8 oC

States of Matter Solids and Liquids

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States of matter Solids

4 Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Heat goes into

Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During

The heat of fusion is a

For water the heat of

The heat of vaporization

The melting point

At the triple point

 The ability of a material to absorb and

Q = (20.0g)(10.0oC)(2.05 Jg-1 oC-1)+ (20.0g)(335 J g-1) +

Q = 10454 joules or 10.5 kJ

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