Presentation 3

SKIN CANCER
By: Linda
• The two main layers in the skin are called the
epidermis (upper and outer) and the dermis (lower
and inner). The epidermis is where skin cancer
begins to form, which has three types of cells:
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma,
and Melanoma.
• There are three major types of skin cancer:
• •Basal cell carcinoma is the least threatening type
of skin cancer and is unlikely to spread to other
parts of your body. However, it can move into
your bone or tissue under your skin. Basal cell
carcinoma generally occurs on the neck or face. It
usually doesn’t appear after many years of being
exposed to the sun.
• •Squamous cell carcinoma is not life-threatening,
but it can become aggressive. Squamous cell
carcinoma can form anywhere squamous cells are
found. If untreated, cancer can spread to larger
areas, causing severe complications.
• •Melanoma is not as common as the other two.
But, it’s more dangerous because it has a higher
chance of spreading. Most skin cancer deaths are
from Melanoma.
RISK FACTORS
Sun exposure: Skin cancer is commonly caused by exposure to the sun. Without proper
protection, ultraviolet rays from the sun and tanning beds can ruin your skin’s DNA.
Tanning beds: Exposure to UV light from tanning beds and sun lamps can increase the
risk of cancer.
Weak immune system: Having a weakened immune system from medications or medical
conditions can also have an effect on skin cancer.
Family history of skin cancer: Melanoma can also run-in families, so 1 in every 10
patients has a family member that likely has the disease.
Previous history with skin cancer: People who have already had skin cancer in the past,
will have a likelier chance of developing it again.
Fair skin: Skin cancer occurs more frequently in people with fair skin, light eyes, light or
red hair. Also the risk is higher among people who burn easily and have freckles.
Location: People who live in warm climate are always surrounded by the sun, which can
increase the risk of skin cancer.
Environmental chemicals: Tar, paraffins (wax), vinyl chloride, solvents, and arsenic can
cause skin cancer.
uncontrollable
growth of cells
SKIN CANCER CELLS
• •Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably.

Malignant growth is a group of cells that grow and destroy nearby tissue. When
being out in the sun for too long, UV rays penetrate the outer skin and hits the
deeper layers of skin causing it to damage the skin cells. UV rays from sun exposure
and tanning beds can damage the skin’s DNA. DNA is essential to helping cells
grow. Once it is damaged, It triggers changes in cells and can’t control the skin
cancer growth. Which causes cancer to begin to form, but this process can take
years. Cancer can spread through tissue, the blood, and the lymph system. A
malignant mole is the most common sign of melanoma.
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
•Symptoms may include:

•-Waxy bump that looks like a pimple or mole
that doesn’t go away.
•- A flat, flesh colour or brown scar.
• A bleeding or scabbing sore that heals and
returns.
• - A reddish patch or irritated area.
SQUAMOUS CELL
C A R C I N O M A
Symptoms may include:

-A firm, red nodule
-A flat sore with a scaly crust
-A new sore or raised area on an old scar or
ulcer
-A rough, scaly patch on your lip that may
evolve to an open sore
-A red sore or rough patch inside your mouth
-A red, raised patch or wartlike sore on or in
the anus or on your genitals
MELANOMA
•Melanoma can appear anywhere on your body.

•Symptoms may include:
•-Lymh nodes
•-A change in a existing mole. To help Identify uncertain moles, there’s an
ABCDE rule that most people use:
• A is for asymmetrical shape. Moles with irregular shapes are usually a
warning sign.
• B is for irregular border. Moles with irregular, notched, or scalloped
borders may indicate cancer.
• C is for changes in color. Look for moles with uneven distribution of
many colours.
• D is for diameter. Moles with new growths larger than ¼ inch could
possibly be a signs of cancer.
• E is for evolving. Look for changes of growth, colour, or shape. These
moles could develop new signs.
WHY SUNSCREEN IS
IMPORTANT
• Seventy percent of the sun is the main root of skin cancer. When
going outside, everyone should wear sunscreen with SPF. The
number of SPF corresponds to how long the sunscreen will last.
For example, SPF 50 will last you 50 minutes of protection.
Although, even If it’s not sunny, UV rays can penetrate clouds.
About 80 % of UV rays make it to the ground on a cloudy day.
Everyone should apply sunscreen because the outer layer of our
skin cells contains a pigment called melanin. This pigment
protects our skin from UV rays. People who burn easily or don’t
have much melanin need to wear sunscreen because they seek a
higher risk of damaging the skin. Having five or more sunburns
can double your chances of melanoma.
SCREENING
• Examine your skin head-to-toe every month to detect cancer at the

early stages. Skin cancer can form on the scalp, face, lips, ears,
chest, neck, arms, hands, and legs. But, it can also develop on your
palms, under fingernails and toenails, and genitals. A person with
skin cancer may feel itching, pain, numbness, tingling, or a feeling
of ants under the skin. Checking your skin for suspicious changes
can help determine skin cancer at the early stages. An early
diagnosis of skin cancer gives you a successful chance of treatment.
Changes in your skin are warning signs of skin cancer. Melanoma
can also hide in places people wouldn’t think to check, such as
under a fingernail, in the mouth, digestive tract, and urinary tract.
This is
Magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI). They
are used to
form images of
anatomy.
DIAGNOSIS
• •A skin biopsy is needed to detect skin cancer. Meaning

that a doctor will take a sample of the skin tissue and
send it to a laboratory. The laboratory will then take it
under a microscope. Abnormal cells found in the skin
tissue indicate cancer. Patients with advanced melanoma
will need to do imaging tests to see if cancer has spread
to other body parts. To complete these tests, doctors
A punch biopsy is to
detect diseases found in
may use Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Chest x-
the skin’s tissue. During ray, Computed tomography (CT), alone or with positron
this test, doctors remove a emission tomography (PET), etc. These machines make
piece of skin that includes it easy for doctors to detect cancer and the sizes of
the layers of epidermis, tumours.
dermis, and subcutaneous.
When this happens, the
tissue samples are
examined under a
microscope.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
• •Skin cancer treatment will vary depending on the size, type,

and stage of cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma and Basal cell
In this image, radiation
carcinoma are mostly cured and treated by skin removal. If
therapy is being done to kill
caught early, melanoma can be cured by surgery and may
the cancer cells.
require radiation therapy and medication afterwards. The eight
types of standard treatments are Surgery, Radiation therapy,
Chemotherapy, Photodynamic therapy, Immunotherapy,
Targeted therapy, Chemical peel, and Other drug therapy.
Cryosurgery uses
liquid nitrogen to at
cold temperatures to
destroy disseased
tissue.
SURVIVAL
RATES
• The five-year survival rate

for
Squamous cell
carcinoma and Basal cell
carcinoma is 99 percent,
when detected early.
HOW TO PROTECT THE SKIN
-Cover up sensitive areas.

-Wear sunscreen with a high SPF.
-Avoid using tanning beds.
-Avoid the sun between 10 AM – 2 PM.
MY REFERENCES
• https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/melanoma-guide/causes-skin-cancer#1
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/skin-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20377605
• https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/melanoma-guide/basal-cell-carcinoma#1
• https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/symptoms-and-signs#:~:text=
Some%20types%20of%20skin%20cancer,neck%2C%20armpit%2C%20or%20groin
.
• https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-cancer-causes-risk-factors-514375
• https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/skin-cancer-screening/#:~:text=A%20skin%20cancer%20scr
eening%20is,size%2C%20shape%2C%20or%20texture
.

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SKIN CANCER

SKIN CANCER CELLS

• •Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably.

•Symptoms may include:

Symptoms may include:

•Melanoma can appear anywhere on your body.

• Examine your skin head-to-toe every month to detect cancer at the

• •A skin biopsy is needed to detect skin cancer. Meaning

• •Skin cancer treatment will vary depending on the size, type,

• The five-year survival rate

-Cover up sensitive areas.

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