English for MICE

(TOEFL Like)
Taufik Nur Hidayat
MICE Study Program
Administration and Business
Department
State Polytechnic of Jakarta
 Concept Phrase
& Clause
Not a full Has a
subject
sentence
Can Can
have Phrase Not a express Has a
complete
subject,
verb, thought
a
complete
Clause verb
or thought
Prepositional
neither phrase Independent
Adjective phrase Adverb &
phrase
Dependent=
Noun Phrase Verb phrase Subordinate
 Can you tell?
 Which of the following are phrases?
Which are clauses?

1. In my room—
2. The cat went under the bed—
3. Until next week—
4. Quickly walking to the store—
5.Yet they tried—
 Phrases &
Clauses
 Phrase: group of related words that
does not contain a subject and verb
and is used as a part of speech

 Clause: a group of words that contains

a subject and a verb and is used as
part of a sentence or a sentence by
itself.
5
PHRASES
Phrases are larger structural units that come
between the word and the clause (or
sentence).
They can be groups of words or single words
behaving as a unit. As such they can be
substituted, moved, extended or reduced,
without modifying the meaning of the
sentence.

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PHRASES
Jane loves reading. She loves ‘Pride and Prejudice’.
The young girl who lives next door loves reading.
She loves ‘Pride and Prejudice’.

We call the underline unit a noun phrase, because

the central word, GIRL, is a noun.
Usually phrases are made up of a central word, or
HEAD – a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, clause or
pronoun - which classifies the phrase.

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 PHRASES
 Phrases are normally multi-words, but also single
words can be regarded as phrases, as long as
they are expandable into a larger unit:
Javanese table
Antique Javanese table
Antique round Javanese table
Antique round Javanese wooden table

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 PHRASES
There are 5 phrase types:
Phrase Type Examples Main word (HEAD)

NOUN PHRASE The young man Noun MAN

VERB PHRASE Has been reading Verb READING

ADJECTIVE PHRASE Very noisy Adj. NOISY

ADVERB PHRASE Too quickly Adv. QUICKLY

PREPOSITIONAL After the match Prep. AFTER

PHRASE

Usually phrases are made of a HEAD and a series of

MODIFIERS, i.e. words that give extra information about the
HEAD. They can precede (PREMODIFIERS) or follow 9
(POSTMODIFIERS) the head.
 Noun phrase - Determiners
The old woman who lives next door ...
IF THE CENTRAL WORD – OR HEAD- OF A PHRASE IS A NOUN, THEN
WE CALL IT A NOUN PHRASE.

Determiners introduce noun phrases and come before any PREMODIFERS.

-Definite and indefinite articles
-Possessive pronouns
-Demonstrative pronouns
-Numerals
-Quantifiers (each, every, all, both, some, many, more, most)
DETERMINERS ARE UNIQUE TO NOUN PHRASES.
WHY?

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 Noun phrase - Premodifiers
The old woman who lives next door...
They occur before the noun and after any determiners.
In a noun phrase the premodifier is typically an adjective.

Premodifiers can co-occur (more than one adj.):

some intelligent old woman; old historical book; a fat old white horse, etc

Other words can function as premodifiers in a noun phrase:

Nouns: bathroom door; our history professor
Genitive: the teacher’s office; our child’s games

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 Noun phrase - Postmodifiers
Prepositional phrases usually occur after a noun, generally introduced by of:
A box of chocolate, a piece of mind, a biography of Hitler
The Tower of London.

Other prepositions: The cottage on the beach, the museum in Jakarta Kota, the road to
Sudirman, a room with a shower, people without cell phone…

Postmodifiers of noun phrases can also be:

-Relative clauses
-To-clauses
Co-occurriing postmodifiers:
A room [for two] [in a bed & breakfast];
The shop [in via Roma] [that sells shoes];
The phone [you borrowed] [from my mother.]

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 Noun phrase – Postmodifiers and
Complements
Complements are a type of noun-phrase Postmodifier.
They are closely linked to the noun than ordinary Postmofiers:

1.Postmodifier:
The fact that he reported today was a shock
(the Postmodifier does not define the content of the news)

2. Complement:
The fact that he did not come was a shock
(the Complement explains the fact)

There is also a grammatical difference. The Complement CANNOT BE SUBSTITUTED BY

THE RELATIVE WHICH.

In the postmodifier we can usually replace that with which

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 The function of noun phrases
1. SUBJECT: Four men got killed

2. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT: Grace is my niece

She seems a young girl

3. DIRECT OBJECT: He bought a new car

4. INDIRECT OBJECT: She told her husband the truth

5. OBJECT COMPLEMENT: She called him an idiot

6. ADJUNCT OR ADVERBIAL:
One day you’ll know what to do; She’s going to China next month.

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 Verb phrases
Verb phrases usually contain lexical verbs as main verbs.
Lexical verbs may be preceded by one or more auxiliary verbs:
1 2 3 MAIN VERB
That car may have been stolen

When two or more auxiliary verbs appear before the main verb in a verb phrase they
observe the following order:

MODAL-PERFECTIVE-PROGRESSIVE-PASSIVE

Modal-Passive: The car can be parked

Progressive-Passive: The car is being parked
Perfective-Progressive: She has been parking her car for years;
Perfective-Passive: The car has been parked
Modal-Perfective-Passive: The car should have been parked

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 Verb phrases - Aspect
While TENSE refers to the absolute location of an event in time –
either past or present – ASPECT refers to how an event must be
viewed with respect to time.

Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action,

event or state, denoted by a verb, relates to the flow of time.

1.Mary lost his dog 3 months ago

2.Mary has lost his dog.

In the second example, the auxiliary has is a perfective auxiliary and

expresses perfective aspect in the verb phrase has lost. It indicates that
an event occurred prior to (but has continuing relevance at) the time of
reference.

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 Verb phrases - Aspect
Mary had lost her dog

In this case, the event occurred in the past, but we know that it was
still relevant at some later time:

Mary had lost her dog, so she could not take him to the show.

The idea of RELEVANCE is important when we want to distinguish

TENSE and ASPECT.

Other examples of aspectual auxiliary is the progressive auxiliary be:

Mary is taking her dog out (present tense, progressive aspect)

Mary was taking her dog out when he got lost (past tense, progressive
aspect)
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 Verb phrases - Mood
Mood refers to distinctions in the form of a verb phrase that express
the speaker’s attitude towards what is said (for example, whether it is
intended as a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.).

In linguistics, grammatical mood (sometimes mode) is a grammatical

(usually morphologically marked) feature of verbs.

There are three moods: INDICATIVE, IMPERATIVE AND

SUBJUNCTIVE

Indicative mood: declarative, interrogative, and exclamative sentences;

Imperative mood: orders and exhortations;

Subjunctive mood: non-factual, hypothetical situations.

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 Verb phrases - Mood
Subjunctive mood: non-factual, hypothetical situations:
1.Were-subjunctive:
If I were you, I wouldn’t accept the job.
If my brother were President of the Republic, what would he do?

2- Mandative subjunctive (with such verbs as: ask, insist,

recommend, decide, suggest when followed by that):
His professor suggested (that) he take up writing classes;
The board insisted that she resign immediately;
The judge asked he be given a life sentence.

The use of the mandative subjunctive is more common in

American English. However, it has made a considerable
comeback in British English in recent years, probably under
American influence. Yet in all varieties of English, the mandative
subjunctive is far more common in writing than in speech. 19
 Adjective phrases
Adjective phrases usually have the following structure:

Premodifier Adjective (HEAD) Postmodifier

VERY SORRY TO GO

The premodifier in an adjective phrase is most commonly an

adverb (intensifier), or another adjective:
It is extremely/very/ fairly/quite cold;

Or, a noun phrase (in measurements and age):

three months old; a metre long

Postmodifiers:
Happy you can make it; delighted to meet you; guilty of murder
Fond of animals;
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 Function of adjective phrases
1.Subject complement:
My father is quite ill; I was really lucky; My old professor was
happy to see me.

2. Object complement:
The air con keeps our house cool;
The new floor makes the room much brighter;

3.Premodifier of a noun:
She bought a wonderful long dress;
He’s a rather boring person;
They’ve used a slightly different approach.

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 Adverbial phrases
Adverbial phrases usually present an adverb as the HEAD:
The child cried loudly
The child cried very loudly
The child cried very loudly indeed

The Premodifier in an adverb phrase is always an intensifier:

VERY, TOO, EXTREMELY, QUITE

Postmodifiers in adverb phrases are RARE. Apart from indeed,

only enough is commonly used:

Strange enough, funnily enough, oddly enough, naturally

enough..

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 The function of adverbial phrases
1. Premodfier of an adjective phrase:
Extremely loud and incredibly close;
Lord of the Rings was a very successful film;
The meat was too salty.

2. Premodifier of an adverb:
I spoke to her very recently;
She talks far too slowly;
The temperature rose fare more quickly than expected.

3. Adjunct:
Suddenly the police broke into the room;
Students will receive an i.d. badge automatically;
He died quite recently.
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 Prepositional phrases

Premodifier (rare) Preposition Complement (noun phrase)

soon/just after the match
around the world
straight across our street
from the town
through the open door

Clauses can also function as the complement in a prepositional

phrase:

It’s a good way of reducing the debt; He won by playing better

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 Function of prepositional phrases
1. Postmodifier of a noun:
The population of Cagliari is growing
The demand for more jobs has increased
I’m reading a book on Japanese paintings

2. Adjunct:
I’ll see him on Monday;
Before the war, he worked as a clerk
We met Sophie along the river

3. Subject complement:
Your hat is on the sofa
That book is for Adam
Michael Jackson sang in a band called the Jacksons
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 Function of prepositional phrases
4. Object complement:
She has a job placing bottles in regional order
Don’t keep me in suspense

5. Postmodifier of an adjective:
I am extremely happy of your results
The man was found guilty of wrong conduct

Both adverb and prepositional phrases function as

ADVERBIALS OR ADJUNCTS, giving additional information
on time, mode and time.

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 Let’s think about it!
 Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is
used as a part of and does NOT
contain both a and a .
2. A phrase stand alone as a sentence.
3. A clause has both a _ and a
 .
4. A clause stand alone as a sentence if it’s an
independent clause.
 Let’s think about it!
Fill in the blanks:
1.A phrase is a group of related words that is
used as a part of speech and does NOT
contain both a subject and a verb.
2.A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence.
3.A clause has both a subject and a verb.
4.A clause can stand alone as a sentence if
it’s an independent clause.
 Prepositional
Phrases
 Not a complete thought

 Used to help modify other parts of

speech

 Begins with a preposition

 Adjective & Adverb Phrases
 An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a
prepositional phrase that is used to
modify a noun.

 An ADVERB PHRASE is a
prepositional phrase that is used to
modify a verb or other adverb.
 Noun and Verb Phrases
 Noun phrases are groups of words that
act as nouns (lots you’ll learn later!)

 Verb phrases are groups of words that

act as verbs (again, you’ll learn them
later!)
 Clause
 A word group that contains a subject
(noun) and verb

 Two types of clauses:

– Independent– expresses a complete
thought & can stand by itself as a
sentence
– Dependent-(subordinate)-does not
express a complete thought & cannot
stand by itself as a sentence
 Dependent Clause
 Dependent clause = subject + verb
BUT does NOT express a complete
thought + CANNOT stand alone as
a sentence.

 Start with SUBORDINATING

CONJUNCTIONS
 Subordinating Conjunctions
 When writing a dependent clause start
with a subordinating Conjunction:

After How If Unless Until Which While

Although As Since When Who Whom
As if So that Whenever Whose
As though Than That Where
Because Though Wherever
Before Whether
Wrap Up!
 Phrases contain EITHER a noun OR a verb
OR NEITHER

 Are NOT complete thoughts

 CANNOT stand alone

 Act as another part of speech

Wrap Up!
 Independent clause = noun + verb +
expresses a complete idea + CAN stand by
itself as a sentence.
(…So any complete simple sentence is an
independent clause!)

 Dependent clause = noun + verb +

subordinating conjunction
(…so any simple sentence that you add a subordinate
conjunction to is a dependent clause!)
 Check for Understanding
Identify: Phrase? Or Clause?
1.The ski lift broke after we got on it.
2.Against the wall.
3.For a while.
4.Tomorrow we will go.
5.Until the end of the week.
6.Have gone running for an hour.
7.Before you know it, it will be summer.
 Check for Understanding
 Identify the subject and verb and
determine if it’s an independent or
dependent clause:

8. Whose aunt rode on the space shuttle

9. His aunt rode on the space shuttle
10.Where I grew up.
11.I grew up here.