Thermo Presentation

PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Pavement markings are used as a supplement to

other traffic control devices, such as traffic signals
and road signs
Pavement markings may create confusion to road
user if not properly applied. Unless new pavement
markings will directly overlay worn-outones, old
pavement markings should be scraped off and totally
erased, and road surface is resealed before new
pavement markings are installed.
 Pavement markings shall be
uniform in design and application.
Limitations of Pavement Markings
• They are subject to traffic wear and require
proper maintenance.
• They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet
or dusty (example: near shoulder edge or
median)
• They may be obscured by traffic.
• Their effect n skid resistance requires careful
choice of materials; and
• They cannot be applied on unsealed roads
TYPES OF MARKINGS
1. Pavement and curb markings.
Longitudinal Lines
Transverse Lines
Other Lines
Other Markings
2. Object Markings
3. Reflectorized Markings
Materials Requirements
• Road pavement markings should be of non-skid
materials and should not protrude more than 6
mm above the level of the carriageway.
• Raised pavement markers on concrete roads
should not protrude more than 25 mm above
the level of the carriageway.
• Proper reflectorization at night, the amount of
glass beads used should be no less than 0.45 kg
and no more than 0.50 kg per liter for drop-on
and at least 30% for pre-mixed paints.
APPLICATION METHOD
a. PREPARATION OF ROAD SURFACE
 materials should be applied only on the surface
which is clean and dry. It shall not be laid into loose
detritus, mud or similar extraneous matter, or over an
old paint markings, or over an old thermoplastic
marking which is faulty. In the case of smooth,
polished surface stones such as smooth concrete, old
asphalt surfacing with smooth polished surface stones
and/or where the method of application of the
manufacturer of the thermoplastic materials shall be
recommended, and with the approval of the
Engineer.
Re-use of Thermoplastic Materials
• At the end of the day's as much as possible

the material remaining in the heater and l or
laying apparatus shall be removed.
• This may be broken and used again provided
that the maximum heating temperature has
not been exceeded and that the total time
during which it is a molten condition.
Commonly used Materials for Road
Markings:
1.Reflectorized Paint
2.Pavement Marking Tape
3.Raised Pavement Markers
Reflectorized Paint
Application of Glass Beads:
Drop – on
The thickness of the wet paint film should be at
least 60% of the nominal diameter of the drop-
on glass beads, which, varies from 0.40
mm to 1.0 mm
Pre-Mixed
beads are mixed with the paint from the
material source and the mixture is applied
directly to the pavement.
Pavement Marking Tape
Pavement marking tapes are retro-reflective
pattern pavement markings that can be used
as an inlay or overlay marking on asphalt and
concrete pavement surfaces which are in good
condition, pre-coated with Pressure Sensitive
Adhesive (PSA) on the bottom surface with
retro-reflective layer of glass beads bonded in
a high durable polyurethane topcoat.
Color of Pavement Markings
1. Double yellow no-passing lines
2. Unbroken portion of no-passing lines
3. Curb markings for prohibitation of parking
4. On islands in line of traffic
5. Bus and PUJ lanes; and,
6. Keep Intersection open markings
Width of Lines
• The width of solid or broken line varies from
100mm to 300mm depending on the usage of
the specified line.
• Transverse line are usually wider because of
the angle at which the road user sees
pavement markings on the carriageway.
Tolerances
Under 500 mm in length +20% or -10%
500mm or over but under 5m in length +10%
5m in length or over +5%

Type of Lines
• Broken line - consist of line segments with
equal lengths separated by uniform gaps.
• Solid unbroken line – used where crossing of
the line is either discouraged or prohibited.
Center line (or Separated Line)
 Used to separate opposite traffic movements
of an undivided roadway and is generally
placed centrally on all roads and bridges 6.0 m
or more in width
Center line may be marked on an urban or rural
road if one or more of the following conditions
are met:
Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width)
carrying an Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
in excess of 1000 vehicles.
Two lane road (less than 6 m but more than 5
m in width) carrying an ADT in excess of 300
vehicles
Winding roads with widths of 5 m or more.
Warrants for Winding
CURB OR ROAD EDGE
Roads
CURB OR ROAD EDGE

SEPARATION AND EDGE LINES
Irrespective of this warrant marking and other section may be desirable where the
following conditions apply:
• Frequent horizontal or vertical curves, or both;
• Sub-standard curves;
• In areas subjec to fog;
• On approaches to major roads;
• Where accident record indicates the need for center lines;
• Continuity of an arterial road; and
• Heavy night traffic or tourist traffic, or both
CURB OR ROAD EDGE
CURB OR ROAD EDGE

SEPARATION AND EDGE LINES
Note:
For 85% speed < 60 kph L1= 3 m L2 = 6 m
For 85% speed > 60 kph L1= 3 m L2 = 9 m
Barrier lines may be used as center only when

no-passing is warranted
Center Line on Urban Roads
CURB OR SHOULDER EDGE
CENTER (SEPARATION) LINES
• Two-lane urban road, where the 85th

percentile speed (or speed limit) is 60 kph or
below, shall be a broken line with a minimum
width of 150 mm and equal line segments of
3m and equal gaps of 6m.
CENTER (SEPARATION) LINES
A solid white line of 200 mm wide may be used in the

following cases:
On roads with more than two lanes if nt separated
by median islands;
Around a curve where no warrant exists for yellow
barrier lines; and
On approaches to an intersection or junction.
Center Line on Rural Roads
• The center line on a two lane two way rural
road or any other road where the 85th
percentile speed (or speed limit) is greater
than 60 kph, shall be a broken line, with a
minimum width of 150 mm and 3m long with
gaps of 9 m spacing.
• A solid white line of 200mm wide may be used
in the cases as specified for Urban Roads.
Center Lines at
Bridges:
Where approaches to bridges are lined
marked, they shall be marked as
follows:
 If bridge is 5m or more between
curbs, center lines (or separation line)
shall be continued across the bridge
 If bridge is less than 5m between
curbs, center lines shall be
discontinued 30m from the bridge
abutments.
Lane Line
Lane line is used to separated adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the

same direction.
Lane lines on roads with an 85th percentile speed (or speed imit) of 60
kph or less than have a minimum width of 150 mm and 3m long with 6m
gaps.
Lane lines on roads with an 85th percentile speed (or speed imit) in
excess of 60 kph shall be 150 mm wide, 3m long and 9m gaps.
Lane lines must not be continued on the following cases:
 Across signalized intersections. However, lane lines of low

priority road must be discontinued at the intersection
 Across side street entrances unless the street is one-way
street (going in only)
 Past the start of the taper at which a multi-lane road narrows
down.
CENTER LINE AND LANE MARKINGS
Barrier Lines
Single yellow line with a broken
white line
Two unbroken yellow lines

Note: The size of the double yellow line
shall be 150mm in width and shall have gap
space of 100mm – 150mm (max)
Single unbroken yellow line

NO PASSING ZONE shall be established at vertical and horizontal
curves and elsewhere on two or three lane – highways where
passing must be prohibited beacause of dangerously restricted sight
distance and other hazardous conditions
EDGE LINE
used to delineate the edge of the traveled way to distinguish is
from the shoulder area. It should be a solid white line
between 100mm and 200mm wide. Studs, or raised pavement
markers may be used in conjunction with edge lines where
there are paved shoulders.
Purpose:
to discourage travel on road shoulders
to make driving safer and more assured, particularly at night
and during inclement weather by providing a continuous guide
for the driver
to act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge of
pavement and which constitute a hazard
to prevent parking at or near intersections.
WIDTH OF EDGE LINES
TABLE 11.3 : RECOMMENDED WIDTH OF EDGE LINES
ROAD TYPE OUTER LANE EDGE LINE WIDTH
WIDTH
Urban 3.5 m 100 mm
Rural 3.5m 100mm

>3.5m 150 – 200mm
Expressway 4.0 m 300 mm

PAVEMENT EDGE
• Edge line should not reduce an adjacent lane
width to less than 3.5m.
• Widths of edge line vary from 100mm to
300mm depending on the available lane
width and the prevailing speeds of the
vehicles on the road. In general the line
widths applied should conform to Table 11.3
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING MARKINGS
TYPES OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS:
1. ZEBRA (NON-SIGNALIZED CROSSING)

2. CROSSWALKS (SIGNALIZED CROSSING)
CROSSWALKS (SIGNALIZED CROSSING)
• Defined by a pair of solid white lines across

the road surface not less than 4m and not
more than 8m apart, 150 – 300mm in width.
They should be used in conjuction with mid-
block or intersection signals.
CROSSWALKS (SIGNALIZED CROSSING)
ZEBRA (NON-SIGNALIZED CROSSING)
• The marking consists of a series of

longitudinal bars 300mm or 600mm wide and
generally not less than 4m long. The bars are
placed parallel to the road center line with
gaps of equal width to the bar.
ZEBRA (NON-SIGNALIZED CROSSING)
RUMBLE STRIPS
 A TYPE OF
THERMOPLASTIC
LANE MARKING
DESIGNED TO AID
AND PROVIDE
MOTORIST WITH
VISUAL, AUDIO
AND MOTION
WARNINGS ON
THE ROAD.
THANK YOU….

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PAVEMENT MARKINGS

Pavement markings are used as a supplement to

• At the end of the day's as much as possible

500mm or over but under 5m in length +10%

5m in length or over +5%

CURB OR ROAD EDGE

CURB OR ROAD EDGE

Barrier lines may be used as center only when

CURB OR SHOULDER EDGE

CENTER (SEPARATION) LINES

• Two-lane urban road, where the 85th

CURB OR SHOULDER EDGE

CENTER (SEPARATION) LINES

A solid white line of 200 mm wide may be used in the

Lane line is used to separated adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the

 Across signalized intersections. However, lane lines of low

Two unbroken yellow lines

Single unbroken yellow line

Urban 3.5 m 100 mm

Rural 3.5m 100mm

Expressway 4.0 m 300 mm

1. ZEBRA (NON-SIGNALIZED CROSSING)

• Defined by a pair of solid white lines across

• The marking consists of a series of

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