Pavement Markings

Annex E
Pavement Markings
SSTRIMM
Traffic Management Manual
Annex E
Pavement Markings8
Markings on highways have important functions in providing guidance and information for the
road user. Major marking types include pavement and curb markings, object markers,
delineators, colored pavements, barricades, channelizing devices and islands. In some cases,
markings are used to supplement other traffic control devices such as signs, signals and other
markings. In other instances, markings are used alone to effectively convey regulations,
guidance, or warnings in ways not obtainable by the use of other devices.
8
This Annex on markings for pavements and other objects relies heavily on the provision of the Manual on Pavement
Markings, Planning and Project Development Office, Ministry of Public Highways, Republic of the Philippines, 1980.
Additional reference materials that the user may also wish to consult are the following:
• International Convention on Road Signs and Signals, United Nations, Vienna Austria, November 1968.
• Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Millennium Edition (MUTCD 2000), Federal Highway
Administration, United States, December 2000, and amended July 2001.
SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-1

Annex E Pavement Markings
E.1 Introduction
E.1.1 Functions and Limitations
Markings have limitations. Visibility of the markings can be limited by debris, water on or
adjacent to the markings, traffic, etc. Marking durability is affected by material
characteristics, traffic volumes, weather, and location. However, under most highway
conditions, markings provide important information while allowing minimal diversion of
attention from the roadway.
Pavement markings can enhance roadway delineation with the addition of audible and
tactile features such as bars, differential surface profiles, raised pavement markers, or
other devices intended to alert the road user that a delineation on the roadway is being
traversed.
E.1.2 Standardization of Application
Each standard marking shall be used only to convey the meaning prescribed for that
marking. When used for applications not described herein, markings shall conform in all
respects to the principles and standards set forth herein.
Markings that are no longer applicable for roadway conditions or restrictions and that
might cause confusion for the road user shall be removed or obliterated to be
unidentifiable as a marking as soon as practical. Markings that must be visible at night
shall be retroreflective unless ambient illumination assures that the markings are
adequately visible.
Option. Markings may be temporarily masked with tape until they can be removed or
obliterated.
E.1.3 Materials
Pavement and curb markings are commonly placed by using paints or thermoplastics;
however, other suitable marking materials, including raised pavement markers and colored
pavements, are also used. Delineators, object markers, barricades, and channelizing
devices are visibly placed in a vertical position similar to signs above the roadway.
Road surface markings should be of non-skid materials and should not protrude more than
6 mm above the level of the carriageway.
The materials used for markings should provide the specified color throughout their useful
life. Consideration should be given to selecting pavement marking materials that will

minimize tripping or loss of traction for pedestrians and bicyclists. Object markers and
delineators should not present a vertical or horizontal clearance obstacle for pedestrians.
These studs or similar devices used for marking should not protrude more than 1.5 cm
above the level of the carriageway (or more than 2.5 cm in the case of studs incorporating
reflex reflectors).
E.1.4 Colors
Markings shall be yellow, white, red, or blue. The colors for markings shall conform to the
standard highway colors. Black in conjunction with one of the above colors shall be a
usable color for object markers.
Black may be used in combination with the above colors where a light-colored pavement
does not provide sufficient contrast with the markings.
When used in combination with other colors, black is not considered a marking color, but
only a contrast-enhancing system for the markings.

E.2 Longitudinal Pavement Markings
E.2.1 Center Line
A center line is used to separate opposite traffic movements of a roadway and is generally
placed centrally on all road8 and bridges 6.Om or more in width. Under some
circumstances this line may be placed off-center (e.g. where an extra uphill traffic lane is
provided or parking on one side of the road only).
Warrants for Marking Center Lines. A center line may be marked on an urban or rural
road if one or more of the following conditions are met:
a.) Two-lane road (greater than 6.0 meters in width) carrying an Average Daily
Traffic (ADT) in excess of 1000 vehicles.
b.) Two-lane road (less than 6.0 meter but more than 5.Om in width) carrying an
ADT volume in excess of 300 vehicles.
c.) Winding roads with widths of 5.0 meters or more. Irrespective of these
warrants, marking of other sections may be desirable where the following
conditions apply:
• Frequent horizontal or vertical curves, or both
• Sub-standard curves
• In areas subject to fog
• On approaches to major roads
• Where accident record indicates the need
• Continuity of an arterial road
• Heavy night or tourist traffic, or both.
Center Line on Urban Roads. The center line on a two-lane urban road where the 85
percentile speed (or speed limit) is 60 km/hr or below shall be a broken white line with a
minimum width of 100mm and equal line segments of 3.0 meters and equal gaps of 4.5
meters. For high speed roads, line segments and gaps are the same as for rural roads.
However, a solid white line of 200mm wide may be used in the following cases:
a.) On roads with more than two lanes if not separated by median islands.
b.) Around a curve where no warrant exist for yellow barrier lines.
c.) On approaches to an intersection junction.
Center Line on Rural Roads. The center line on a two-lane two-way rural road or any
other road where the 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) is greater than 60 kph, shall be
a broken line, with a minimum width of 100 and 3.0m long with gaps of 9.0m spacing. A
solid white line of 200mm wide may be used in the cases as specified for urban roads

Center Lines at Bridges. Where approaches to bridges are line marked, they shall be
marked as follows:
a.) If bridge is 5.0m or more between curbs, center lines (or separation line) shall
be continued across the bridge.
b.) If bridge is less than 5.0m between curbs, center lines shall be discontinued
30m from the bridge abutments.
E.2.2 Lane Line
A lane line is used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. Lane
lines on roads with an 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) of 60 km/hr or less shall be a
minimum width of 100mm and 3.0 meter long with 4.5 meter gaps.
Lane lines on roads with the 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) in excess of 60 km/hr
shall be 100mm wide, 3.0 meter long and 9.0 meter gaps.
Lane lines must not be continued:
a.) Across intersections

b.) Across side street entrances unless the street is a one-way street (in only)
c.) Past the start of the taper at which a multi-lane road narrows down to a two-
lane road. Lane lines are generally broken lines except where lane changing is to
be discouraged (but not prohibited) particularly on approaches to intersections.
As a guide, lane lines should be used in the following cases:
a.) Where the road is wide enough for two or more lanes of traffic in one direction
with a two way ADT of 8000 or more (depending on whether parking is
permitted);
b.) At approaches to widened or signalized intersections;
c.) On divided roads.
Where practicable, the following standard lane widths are desirable.
a.) Traveled lanes: Urban 3.3m, Rural 3.7m

b.) Traveled lane adjacent to curb: 3.7m
c.) Parking lanes: 2.0m
A lane width defined by lane lines should only be reduced to 2.75 meters in city areas. A
minimum of 2.5 meters is only permissible in special cases where a maximum number of
lanes must be made available such as at a signalized intersection where provisions must be
made for the most efficient storage of stopped vehicles. The center lanes on roads

without median islands should have a minimum width of 3.0 meters in urban areas and
3.5 meters in rural areas.
E.2.3 Barrier Lines
Barrier lines may consist of either two unbroken yellow lines (usually reflectorized) or a
single yellow line with a broken white line.
Double yellow lines should only be used where overtaking from both directions and all
crossing movements are prohibited. Vehicles must always keep to the right of the double
yellow lines.
Combination of an unbroken yellow line and white separation line have the same
regulatory significance as a double unbroken yellow line for vehicles proceeding in the
direction where the unbroken yellow line appears on the right of the marking, but vehicles
traveling in the other direction are permitted to cross this line.
The following are the cases where barrier lines should be used:
a.) As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections.

b.) As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must be prohibited, because
of sight restrictions.
c.) ’No-Passing’ zones where there is a restricted sight distance due to horizontal or
vertical curves, or both.
d.) As center lines on approaches to railway crossings.
The size of the double yellow lines shall be 100mm in width and shall have a gap space of
100mm-150mm (max).
No Passing Zones. No passing zones shall be established at vertical and horizontal curves
and elsewhere on two-and three-lane highways, where passing must be prohibited
because of dangerously restricted sight distance or other hazardous conditions.
The legal basis for the establishment of no-passing zones is as follows:
a.) The Ministry of Public Highways (now the DPWH) is hereby authorized to
determine those portions of any highway where overtaking and passing or
driving to the left at a roadway would be especially hazardous and may, by
appropriate signs or markings on the roadway, indicate the beginning and end
of such zones, and clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person. Every driver
of a vehicle shall obey the directions thereof.
b.) Where signs or markings are in place to define a no-passing zone, no driver shall
at anytime drive on the left side of the roadway within such no-passing zones or

on the left side of any pavement striping designed to mark such no-passing
zones through its length.
Table E.2-1 Roads with less than 1000 vehicles per day
Minimum length of
Minimum sight Minimum Minimum distance
road with sight
85 percentile distance length of between barrier
distance below the
speed* (1.15m to 1.15m) barrier lines lines
minimum sight
(m) (m) (m)
distance
All speeds 150 25 75 125
Table E.2-2 Roads with more than 1000 vehicles per day
Minimum length of
Minimum sight Minimum Minimum distance
road with sight
85 percentile distance length of between barrier
distance below the
speed* (1.15m to 1.15m) barrier lines lines
minimum sight
(m) (m) (m)
distance
40 120 20 60 100
50 150 25 75 125
60 180 30 90 150
70 210 35 105 175
80 240 40 120 200
90 270 45 135 225
100 300 50 150 250
110 330 55 165 280
over 110 360 60 180 300
Marking of ‘No-Passing’ Zones. The method arid procedures applied to marking of ‘No-
Passing’ zones are as follows:
a.) Vertical and horizontal curves on a two-lane sealed road shall be marked as ‘No -
Passing’ zones in accordance with Tables E.2-1 or E.2-2 above.
b.) Barrier lines shall not be marked unless the sight distance available falls below
the appropriate minimum sight distance for at least the length shown in the
tables.
c.) If the length of road with sight distance below the minimum sight distance is
less than the minimum length of barrier line shown in the tables, the additional
length of the marking shall be added to the beginning of the zone.
d.) Where the distance between the end of one barrier line end the beginning of the
next barrier line restricting traveling in the same direction is less than that shown
in the tables, the barrier lines shall be joined to form one continuous barrier 1ine.

Methods for establishing ‘No-Passing’ Zone. The beginning and the end of barrier lines
for vertical and horizontal curves shall be located as illustrated in Figure E.2-1.
Figure E.2-1 Method for Establishing "No Passing" Zones
Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Millennium Edition. Federal Highway Administration. United States. December 2000.

Methods for establishing ‘No-passing’ zones as illustrated are as follows:
a.) Vertical Curves

(i) Start on upgrade side of curve proceeding in direction A as shown in the
sketch.
(ii) When B’s target just drops out of A’s sight, mark the position of A (start of
barrier line in direction A) and the position of B (end of barrier line in
direction B).
(iii) When B’s target again comes into A’s sight, mark the position of A (end of
barrier line in direction A) and the position of B (start of barrier line in
direction B).
(iv) When the minimum sight distance is different in each direction the barrier
lines must be marked out separately in each direction.
(v) The curve is then spotted out in accordance with standard practice.
b.) Horizontal Curves

(i) Start in advance of the curve on the pavement center line.
(ii) When A’s view of B is obstructed, mark the position of A (the start of the
no passing zone for direction A) and the position of B (the end of no-
passing zone for direction B)
(iii) When A can again see B, mark the position A (end of no-passing zone for
direction A) and the position of B (the start of no-passing zone for
direction B).
(iv) Before any road on which ‘no-passing’ zones are marked is resealed or
resurfaced, the beginning and end of each barrier line in each direction
should be marked by wooden or steel stakes, painted white, at the left side
of the road.
c.) Climbing Lanes
A particular use of ‘no-passing’ lines is associated with the provisions of slow

moving vehicles or climbing lanes on one side of a two-lane pavement. The
center line of the two-lane pavement should be marked as follows:
(i) Double unbroken lines where visibility is restricted for downhill traffic.
(ii) Where visibility is unrestricted for downhill traffic the double line should be
continued with and unbroken line on the side uphill traffic and a broken
line on the side of downhill traffic.

E.2.4 Edge Lines
The edge line is used to delineate the edge of the traveled way to distinguish it from the
shoulder area. It should be a solid white line between 100mm and 200mm wide. Studs, or
raised pavement markers may be used in conjunction with edge lines.
The purpose of installing edge lines is generally threefold:
a.) to discourage travel on road shoulders;

b.) to make driving safer and more assured, particularly at night and during
inclement weather by providing a continuous guide for the driver;
c.) to act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge of pavement and
which constitute hazard.
On undivided roads and on roads of more than one lane, edge lines may be used to
supplement center or lane lines only on pavements 6.5 meters or more in width, unless for
special reasons such as poor alignment, fog or similar conditions. For pavements less than
6.5m, edge lines may be used under special conditions without lane or center lines. On
divided roads, edge lines should be used at left hand edge of each pavement if the median
is not curbed. They may also be used to delineate raised concrete curbs at medians or to
define sealed or unsealed shoulders
Table E.2-3
Outer Edge
Road Type
Lane Width Line Width
Urban Arterial 3.5m (min) 100mm
3.5m (min) 100mm

Rural Arterial
>3.5m 150- 200mm
Freeway 4.0m (min) 300mm
Pavement Edge. An edge line should not reduce an adjacent lane width to less than 3.5
m. Widths of edge line vary from 100mm to 300mm depending on the available lane
width and the prevailing speeds of the vehicles on that road. In general the line widths
applied should conform to Table E.2-3.
Medians. Edge lines at raised medians are 100mm wide and placed with the center of the
line not more than 300mm from edge of the median curbing. The line should not reduce
the adjacent lane width to less than 2.75m in urban areas and 3.5m in rural highways and
expressways.

E.2.5 Continuity Line
A continuity line is used to indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through

traffic and which is intended to be crossed by traffic turning at an intersection, or entering
or leaving an auxiliary lane at its start or finish.
This line is generally 1.0m long, 100mm-200mm wide with gaps of 3.0m.
E.2.6 Transition Lines
Transition lines are used to guide traffic safety past obstructions on roadways such as
islands, median strips, bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of the traveled portion
of the roadway and an increase or reduction in traffic lanes.
Lane, edge, separation or continuity lines may be used as transition lines which ever is
appropriate. Minimum transition lengths shall be in accordance with the prevailing speed
of the road, as shown in the following table, Table E.2-4.
Table E.2-4
Minimum Length per Meter

or Lateral Deviation
Speed
(km / hr)
Diverging Merging
Up to 60 9m 27m
80 12m 36m
100 15m 45m
110 17m 50m

E.3 Transverse Markings
Transverse lines are markings across the carriageway, perpendicular to the flow of traffic.
Because of the low angles at which the markings are viewed, it is necessary that all
transverse lines be proportionally widened to give visibility equal to that of longitudinal or
to avoid apparent distortion where longitudinal and transverse lines are combined in
symbols or lettering.
Transverse lines may be classified into the following types:
a.) Stop Lines

b.) Give Way (Yield) lines
c.) Pedestrian crossing markings.
E.3.1 Stop Lines
General. Stop lines should be marked across the appropriate portion of the roadway at
positions where vehicles are required to stop in compliance with a stop sign, traffic signals,
or any other legal requirement. A Stop Line is a sold white line not less than 300mm or
more than 450mm wide on urban roads and up to 600mm on rural roads.
Placement of lines. The positions of the stop lines are in accordance with the following
situations:
a.) Signalized intersections.

Line to be placed 1.5 meters (center to center of line) in front of and parallel to
the nearest pedestrian lane. Where there is no pedestrian crossing lane, the stop
line should be at the desired stopping point, no more than 6 meters or less than
1.5 meters from the prolongation of the curb line of the intersecting road.
b.) Isolated “Stop” Signs

If a stop line is used in conjunction with the "STOP" sign, it should generally be
placed in line with the stop sign. At an intersection or junction, such lines shall
usually be placed in line with the edge of the sidewalk or shoulder. The exact
location of the stop sign shall depend on the sight distance requirement of the
stopping vehicle.
c.) Pedestrian actuated signals (mid-block)

The stop line should be placed 3.0 meters before the nearest pedestrian crossing
line (see Figure
d.) Railway Crossing

Stop lines may be supplemented by the word “STOP” marked on the carriageway. The
distance between the word “STOP” and stop line should be between 10 to 25 meters.
E.3.2 "GIVE WAY" ("YIELD") Lines
Give Way (Yield) or holding lines are markings consisting of adjacent broken white lines
across the carriageway at which drivers must give way or yield to all traffic. The minimum
width for holding lines should be 200mm and the maximum 600mm. The distance
between the two lines should be at least 300mm. The gap between line segments shall be
600mm.
The give way lines may be supplemented by the "GIVE WAY" symbol. The distance
between the base of the "GIVE WAY" triangle and the nearest Give Way line should be
between 5 to 25 meters depending on the location.
E.3.3 Pedestrian Crossing Markings
Two types of pedestrian crossings are in use:
a.) "Zebra" crossing (non-signalized crossing)

The marking consists of a series of longitudinal bars 300mm or 600mm wide and
generally not less than 4.Om long. The bars are placed parallel to the road center
line with gaps of equal width to the bar.
b.) Crosswalks (Signalized crossing)

Crosswalks are defined by a pair of solid white lines across the road surface not
less than 4.0 meters and not more than 8.0 meters apart, 150-300mm in width.
They should be used in conjunction with mid-block or intersection signals.
Figure E.3-1 Typical Pedestrian Crossings
Source: MUTCD 2000

E.4 Other Lines
E.4.1 Turn Lines

A turn line may be used to guide vehicles through a turning movement at intersections.
Turn lines, if used, should be so designed as to indicate the proper course for turning
vehicles without being needlessly confusing to through traffic or traffic marking other
turns. The line segments are 600mm long and 100mm wide with 600mm gaps. The line
generally forms an arc and is positioned on the left hand edge of the turning lane. The
line commences at the termination of the lane, edge or separation line, and shall continue
up to but not across another turn line.
Figure E.4-1 Typical Turn Lines
Source: MUTCD 2000
E.4.2 Parking Bay Lines
There are two types of parking bays, parallel parking and angle parking. In parallel
parking without bays marked, the parking line is a 100mm wide white line, at 2.0m from
and parallel to the curb. Bays, if marked, shall be also 100mm wide white line at minimum
bay length of 6.0m. The end bay shall be 5.0m minimum. For angle parking, bay width
shall be 2.5 meters minimum and the minimum bay length (i.e. minimum distance from
curb to end of bay) shall be 4.8 meters.

Figure E.4-2 Typical Parking Space Markings
Source: MUTCD 2000

To ensure that the flow of turning traffic is not impaired, parking near intersections should
be prohibited within the following distances from the boundaries of lateral roads:
a.) Parallel Parking—5m on both approach and exit sides

b.) Angle Parking —10m on approach side and 8m on exit side.
On approach to intersections where traffic signals are operating, a minimum distance of

20m from the traffic signal post is recommended. Angle parking should be permitted only
where there is sufficient pavement width and light traffic.
E.4.3 Painted Median Island
Painted median islands are used on wide roads where light traffic volume cannot justify
the installation of solid curbed median island.
The painted outline of the median shall be at least 100mm with a minimum median width
of 2.0 meters. No painted median should be installed on roads less than 10 meters wide.
E.4.4 Bus and PUJ Lane Line
The Bus and PUJ lane line is an unbroken yellow line 100-300mm wide used to separate
other vehicles from buses and PUJs. The Bus and PUJ lane line can be supplemented by
raised pavement markers. The line is tapered at the approach to the signalized
intersection. The distance between the taper and the stop line should be determined
according to the capacity of the intersection and should generally be less than 100 meters.

E.5 Other Markings
E.5.1 Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions
Diagonal marking on approaches to obstructions and median islands shall consist of a

splayed line or lines 100mm wide extending from the center of lane line to a point of
300mm to 800mm to the right side or to both sides, of the approach end of the
obstruction.
The width of the diagonal bars (at 45o to splayed lines or the direction of travel) is 600mm
and gaps between bars should generally be 4 meters minimum on urban roads and 8m on
rural roads. The total length of the splayed line depends on the width of the island or
obstruction but should generally be a taper of 1 in 25 for roads on which the 85th
percentile speed is below 60 kph and 1 in 50 for roads with higher 85th percentile speeds.
E.5.2 Chevron Markings
Chevron markings are often used to guide traffic into the, right turning lanes separated by
island, such as a corner island at a signalized intersection. The outline width is generally
100mm (150mm on high speed roads). Bars of 500mm to the outline in the direction of
travel and spaced generally at 2-4 meters apart in urban roads. The spacing between the
bar and the outline shall be 100mm (or 150mm on high speed roads).
Diagonal marking on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is
not desired. Such markings are of the same bar width as other diagonal markings. The
spacing between bars is generally 6 meters.
E.5.3 Marking on Exit and Entrance Ramps of Expressways
Exit ramp marking. A solid line at least 100mm in width shall be placed along the sides
of the triangular neutral area between the edges of the main roadway and the exit ramp
lane at the fore of every ramp terminal. With a parallel deceleration lane, a broken white
line shall be placed from the apex of the triangular area for a distance of approximately
one-half of the length of the full width deceleration lane. Diagonal markings should be
used in the neutral area.
Entrance ramp marking. A solid white line at least 100mm in width shall be placed along
the sides of the triangular neutral are adjacent to the ramp lane at the fore of every
entrance ramp terminal. With parallel acceleration lanes, a broken white line but net
beyond the point where the tapered line meets the outer edge of the near through lane.
Examples of the uses of exit and entrance ramp markings are shown in Figures E.5-1 and
E.5-2.

Figure E.5-1 Typical Entrance Ramp Marking for Expressways
Source: MUTCD 2000

Figure E.5-2 Typical Exit Ramp Marking for Expressways
Source: MUTCD 2000

E.5.4 Curb Markings for Parking Restrictions
The curb markings for parking restrictions shall be of solid yellow color, covering the face
of the curb. Such markings are usually supplemented by parking prohibition signs to
indicate the extent of the area where parking is legally prohibited at all times.
E.5.5 Approach to Railroad Crossing
Pavement markings consisting of a cross, the letter RR, a “No-Passing” zone marking, and
a double solid stop bar at a distance of 3.0m to 12.0m in front of and parallel to the
railway line, shall be placed on all paved approaches to railroad crossings. Such markings
shall be white except the NO PASSING barrier line which shall be yellow.
Where there are boom gates at the signal controlled crossings, stop bars are to be marked
parallel to the boom gates. These markings are auxiliary to the standard international sign
for railroad advance warning and the crossing signals for gates.
The design of railroad pavement markings is illustrated in Figure E.5-1.
Figure E.5-1 Grade Crossing Pavement Markings
Source: MUTCD 2000

E.6 Messages and Symbols
E.6.1 Messages
Messages when used should be limited to as few words as possible, never more than
three. They shall only be used to supplement other traffic control devices. The distance
between words is variable depending on the message and location at which it is based.
(Usually twice the length of the word if achievable).
The first word of the message is to be nearest the motorist on rural roads. In urban low
speed areas, the order is optional.
Messages are white in color with letters or numerals used on roads in urban areas shall be
at least 2.5m and on high speed highways, they may need to be at least 5 meters.
Messages generally in use are:

STOP
KEEP CLEAR
SCHOOL
PED XING
RAILROAD XING
SIGNAL AHEAD
NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN
BUS & PUJ LANE
E.6.2 Symbols
"GIVE WAY" (Yield) Symbol. The symbol used to supplement the give way sign consist of
an isosceles triangle having two equal sides of 3. 1m and a base 1.0m. Outline width is
450mm at the base and 150mm for the sides. The distance of the symbol from the
holding line is between 5 and 25 meters depending on the location and vehicle speeds on
that road.
Pavement Arrow. Pavement arrows are used for lane use control. White in color, they
are generally 5 meters in length on urban roads and 7.5 meters on high-speed roads. The
sizes and arrow heads are illustrated in Figure E.6-1. For half turn movements, the stems
of the straight arrows can be bent to suit the particular direction of movement.
The first set of arrows should be placed at a distance of 15m from the stop bar and the
subsequent sets should be placed at 45m apart.

Figure E.6-1 Pavement Arrows
For Roads with

Speed Limit
60 km/hr
or less
For Roads with

Speed Limit over 60
km/hr
Source: DPWH Manual on Pavement Markings

E.6.3 Numerals
The only numerals should be used are those associated with speed limits at locations to
supplement speed limit signs which are continuously disregarded by drivers or which are
obscured and cannot be resited easily.

E.7 Object Markings
E.7.1 Application of object markings
Object markers are used to mark physical obstructions in or near a roadway that constitute
serious hazard to traffic. Installations designed for the control of traffic shall also be
adequately marked. Typical obstructions of this character are bridge supports,
monuments, traffic islands, beacon, signal and sign support, loading islands, railroads and
draw-bridge gate, and posts of narrow bridges, underpass piers and abutments, culvert
headwalls, poles, trees, rocks, and structures giving restricted and overhead clearance.
Judgment must be exercised in the marking of objects off the roadway, but it may be
noted that even where they are theoretically at a safe distance from the roadway, marking
them may prevent serious accidents and facilitate night driving. In addition to markings, a
guardrail should be placed in advance of solid obstructions to deflect runaway vehicles
and reduce the severity of impact. Guardrails should be painted white and reflectorized.
When used, object markers may consist of an arrangement of one or more of the
following types:
Type 1 – either a marker consisting of nine yellow retroreflectors, each with a minimum
diameter of 75mm, mounted symmetrically on a yellow or black diamond panel 450mm or
more on a side; or on an all-yellow retroreflective diamond panel of the same size.
Type 2 – either a marker consisting of three yellow retroreflectors, each with a minimum
diameter of 75mm, arranged either horizontally or vertically on a white panel; or on an all-
yellow retroreflective panel, measuring at least 150mm x 300mm.
Type 3 – a striped marker, 300mm x 900mm, consisting of a vertical rectangle with

alternating black and retroreflective yellow stripes sloping downward at an angle of 45
degrees toward the side of the obstruction on which traffic is to pass. The minimum
width of the yellow stripe shall be 75mm.
A better appearance can be achieved if the black stripes are wider than the yellow stripes.
Type 3 object markers with stripes that begin at the upper right side and slope downward
to the lower left side are designated as right object markers (OM-3R). Object markers with
stripes that begin at the upper left side and slope downward to the lower right side are
designated as left object markers (OM-3L).
When used for marking objects in the roadway or objects that are 2.4m or less from the
shoulder or curb, the mounting height to the bottom of the object marker should be at
least 1.2m above the surface of the nearest traffic lane. When used to mark objects more
than 2.4m from the shoulder or curb, the mounting height to the bottom of the object
marker should be at least 1.2m above the ground.

Type 1 Object Markers
End of Road Markers
Source: MUTCD 2000

E.7.2 Objects within the Roadway
Obstructions in the roadway, if not illuminated shall be marked with reflectorized hazard
markers. For additional emphasis it is advisable also to mark obstructions other than
islands with reflectorized white paint with not less than five alternating black and
reflectorized white stripes. The stripes shall slope downward at an angle of 45 degrees
towards the side of the obstruction on which traffic shall be uniform and not less than
100mm in width. A large surface, such as a bridge pier, may require stripes of 300mm.
In addition to the marking on the face of an obstruction in the roadway, warning of

approach to the hazard shall be given by line markings on the pavement.
Where an obstruction lies in the direct lines of traffic it shall be marked and whenever
practical, illuminated by a floodlight so constructed that it will adequately light the object
but will not throw a glare in the face of traffic approaching from either direction. When
floodlighting is not practical, reflective hazard markers shall be used. A flashing yellow
beacon may be used at unusually hazardous obstructions.
E.7.3 Marking on Curbs
Reflectorized yellow should be used on curbs of all islands located in the line of traffic
flows especially on curbs directly ahead of traffic at ‘T’ and offset intersections.
E.7.4 Objects adjacent to the roadway
Hazard markers either as signs or painted markings are to be used on objects so close to
the edge of the roadway as to constitute definite hazard. These include such
encroachments as underpass piers, abutments, culvert headwalls, utility poles and
ornamental buildings, etc.
Other adjacent objects which are not likely to be hit unless a vehicle runs off the road,
such as guardrails, trees and rocks may be painted white, but reflectorized.

E.8 Raised Pavement Markers
E.8.1 General
Raised pavement markers are small dome shaped devices which are fixed to the pavement
surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings. The markers can be
reflective or non-reflective.
Raised pavement markers generally have heights of at least 10mm mounted on or in a

road surface that is intended to be used as a positioning guide or to supplement or
substitute for pavement markings.
Raised pavement markers are generally not obscured at night under wet conditions and
the reflective types are more brilliant than reflectorized paint markings.
E.8.2 Warrants for use
Because of the high cost of installation and maintenance, use of raised pavement marking
may be considered only in hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the cause of traffic
accidents.
E.8.3 Raised pavement markers as vehicle positioning guides with other

longitudinal markings
The substitution of painted lines by raised pavement markers should on occur where
necessary and is usually reserved for lane lines where the visual, auditory and tactile effect
of the markers help to keep the motorists/in a given lane. The markers used for this
purpose are a combination of reflective and non-reflective markers.
The raised pavement markers are used as positioning guides with longitudinal line
markings without necessarily conveying information to the road user about passing or
lane-use restrictions. They are particularly useful when placed at regular intervals in gaps
along a line and may help to define the line particularly at night or under foggy or wet
conditions. In such applications, markers may be positioned between the two lines of a
one-way or two-way no-passing zone marking or positioned in line with or immediately
adjacent to single solid or broken centerline or lane line markings.
A typical spacing for such applications is 2N, where N equals the length of one line
segment plus one gap. Where it is desired to alert the road user to changes in the travel
path, such as on sharp curves or on transitions that reduce the number of lanes or that
shift traffic laterally, the spacing may be reduced to N or less.

E.8.4 Raised pavement markers supplementing other markings
The use of raised pavement markers for supplementing longitudinal line markings
should conform to the following:
Lateral Positioning
1. When supplementing double line markings, pairs of raised pavement markers placed
laterally in line with or immediately outside of the two lines should be used.
2. When supplementing wide line markings, pairs of raised pavement markers placed
laterally adjacent to each other should be used.
Longitudinal Spacing
1. When supplementing solid line markings, raised pavement markers at a spacing no
greater than N should be used, except when supplementing left edge line markings, a
spacing no greater than N/2 should be used. Raised markers should not supplement
right edge line markings.
2. When supplementing broken line markings, a spacing no greater than 2N should be
used. However, when supplementing broken line markings identifying reversible lanes,
a spacing no greater than N should be used.
3. When supplementing dotted line markings, a spacing appropriate for the application
should be used.
4. When supplementing longitudinal line markings through at-grade intersections, one
raised pavement marker for each short line segment should be used.
5. When supplementing edge line extensions through freeway interchanges, a spacing of
N/2 should be used.
Raised pavement markers also may be used to supplement other markings for channelizing
islands or approaches to obstructions.
E.8.5 Raised pavement markers substituting for pavement markings
Retroreflective or internally-illuminated raised pavement markers, or non-retroreflective

raised pavement markers supplemented by retroreflective or internally-illuminated
markers, may be substituted for markings of other types.
If used, the pattern and color of the raised pavement markers should simulate the pattern
and color of the markings for which they substitute. The normal spacing of raised
pavement markers, when substituting for other markings, should be determined in terms
of the standard length of the broken line segment.
The side of a raised pavement marker that is visible to traffic proceeding in the wrong
direction may be red. When raised pavement markers substitute for broken line markings,
a group of four or five markers equally spaced at N/12, or at the one-third points of the

line segment if N is other than 12m, with at least one retroreflective or internally-
illuminated marker per group shall be used. When raised pavement markers substitute for
solid lane line markings, the markers shall be equally spaced at no greater than N/8, with
retroreflective or internally-illuminated units at a spacing no greater than N/2.
Raised pavement markers should not substitute for right edge line markings.
When raised pavement markers substitute for dotted lines, they shall be spaced at N/8,
with not less than one raised pavement marker per dotted line. At least one raised marker
every N shall be retroreflective or internally-illuminated. When substituting for wide lines,
raised pavement markers may be placed laterally adjacent to each other to simulate the
width of the line.

E.9 Hazard Markers
E.9.1 General
Hazard markers are rectangular in shape and generally consist of a series of alternate black
and white bands. The white portion is always reflectorized, but the reflective material may
cover only the central portion of each white band in order to achieve a balance between
the areas of black and white under headlight illumination. The bands may consist of either
diagonal strips where only a target is required, or of chevrons where directional as well as
target, properties are desirable. Markers are either installed metal signs or as painted
markings on the object to be marked.
E.9.2 Types of Hazard Markers
Directional. Directional markers are used at road hazards where it is necessary to

emphasize to approaching traffic the direction to be taken if the marker appears in the
drivers’ line of approach. The direction is indicated by chevrons, which may point to the
left or right as required.
Typical uses are:
a.) At rotondas and traffic islands which involve the deflection of traffic paths
b.) On through carriageways where one or more traffic lanes end abruptly (e.g. at a
narrow bridge).
c.) On substandard curves (two or more markers may be used to emphasize the
curve).
d.) At dead-end streets.
e.) At T junctions..
Width Markers. Width markers are erected in pairs on either sides of a hazard formation
which narrows over structures such as culverts, bridge piers or end posts.
They are warranted where the clearance from the normal pavement width to vertical
obstructions is:
a.) 600mm or less for a pavement 7.4m wide

b.) 1m or less for a pavement 6.2m wide or
c.) 1.2m or less for a pavement 5.6m wide.
Width markers should generally be erected on the line of vertical obstruction. Where wide
curbs or footings exist special consideration should be given to the position of the marker.
Each width marker is normal 450mm x 900mm but this may be viewed to suit a particular
condition.

Vertical obstruction markers. Vertical obstruction markers are erected singly on utility
poles, central bridge piers or other vertical obstructions which are so close to the
carriageway as to be a hazard. The dimensional proportions may be viewed to fit the
particular obstruction.
Figure E.9-1 Hazard Markers
HB-3 HB-4
HB-2
HB-1 HB-5 HB-6

Source: DPWH Manual on Pavement Markings
E.9.3 Usage
HB-1 To be used at the ends of narrow obstructions

HB-2 To be used at the ends of wide obstructions
HB-3 To be used where no through traffic is allowed
HB-4 To be used where traffic can proceed on either side of a wide obstruction
HB-5 To be used where traffic can proceed on either side of a narrow obstruction
HB-6 To be erected singly or in pairs on utility poles, central bridge piers or other
vertical obstructions, on or near the carriageway.
All retroreflective material shall be Class I Silver White.

E.10 Delineators
E.10.1 General
Delineators are small reflective panels or buttons mounted on guide posts or guard fence
as an effective aid for night driving. Delineators are particularly beneficial at locations
where the alignment might be confusing or unexpected, such as at lane reduction
transitions and curves. Delineators are effective guidance devices at night and during
adverse weather. An important advantage of delineators in certain locations is that they
remain visible when the roadway is wet.
Delineators are considered guidance devices rather than warning devices.
E.10.2 Design and Application
Delineators are made of reflective material capable of reflecting light clearly visible under
normal atmospheric condition from a distance of 300-500 meters when illuminated by the
upper beam of standard automobile head lamps. They are mounted above the roadway
surface and along the side of the roadway in a series to indicate the alignment of the
roadway. Delineators shall consist of retroreflector units that are capable of clearly
retroreflecting light under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of 300 m when
illuminated by the high beams of standard automobile lights. Retroreflective elements for
delineators shall have a minimum dimension of 75mm.
Delineators may be used on long continuous sections of highway or through short

stretches where there are changes in vertical and/or horizontal alignment or in pavement
width.
When used on through roadways, delineators shall be single white reflective units 100mm
x 50mm placed on the right-hand side of a two-way and on both sides of a one-way road.
Where delineators are used on the left at a hazardous right hand curve on a two-way road,
they may be bi-directional; i.e. delineators with two faces, visible from both directions or
two delineators mounted back to back.
E.10.2 Delineator Placement and Spacing
Generally delineators are placed on posts or guard fence near the edge of’ the’ shoulder at
a height such that the lower edge of the reflecting bend should not be less than 500mm
above the pavement surface level. Delineators should be located at intervals not exceeding
300m with closer spacing on curves and should be approximately 300mm from the outer
edge of the shoulder.

Elongated retroreflective units of appropriate size may be used in place of two

retroreflectors mounted as a unit.
Figure E.10-1 Typical Delineator Installation
Source: MUTCD 2000

Table E.10-1 Approximate Spacing for Delineators on Horizontal Curves
Radius, R Approximate Spacing, S

of Curve on Curve
(meters) (meters)
15 6
35 8
55 11
75 13
95 15
125 18
155 20
185 22
215 24
245 26
275 27
305 29
Source: MUTCD 2000
Spacing for specific radii may be interpolated from Table E.10-1. The minimum spacing
should be 6m. The spacing on curves should not exceed 90m. In advance of or beyond a
curve, and proceeding away from the end of the curve, the spacing of the first delineator
is 2S, the second 3S, and the third 6S but not to exceed 90m. "S" refers to the delineator
spacing for specific radii computed from the formula S=1.7 R − 15 .

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Annex E

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-1

E.1.1 Functions and Limitations

E.1.2 Standardization of Application

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-2

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-3

E.2 Longitudinal Pavement Markings

E.2.1 Center Line

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-4

E.2.2 Lane Line

Lane lines must not be continued:

a.) Across intersections

As a guide, lane lines should be used in the following cases:

Where practicable, the following standard lane widths are desirable.

a.) Traveled lanes: Urban 3.3m, Rural 3.7m

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-5

E.2.3 Barrier Lines

a.) As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections.

The legal basis for the establishment of no-passing zones is as follows:

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-6

All speeds 150 25 75 125

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-7

Figure E.2-1 Method for Establishing "No Passing" Zones

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-8

Methods for establishing ‘No-passing’ zones as illustrated are as follows:

a.) Vertical Curves

b.) Horizontal Curves

c.) Climbing Lanes

A particular use of ‘no-passing’ lines is associated with the provisions of slow

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-9

E.2.4 Edge Lines

The purpose of installing edge lines is generally threefold:

a.) to discourage travel on road shoulders;

Urban Arterial 3.5m (min) 100mm

3.5m (min) 100mm

Freeway 4.0m (min) 300mm

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-10

E.2.5 Continuity Line

A continuity line is used to indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through

E.2.6 Transition Lines

Minimum Length per Meter

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-11

E.3 Transverse Markings

Transverse lines may be classified into the following types:

a.) Stop Lines

E.3.1 Stop Lines

a.) Signalized intersections.

b.) Isolated “Stop” Signs

c.) Pedestrian actuated signals (mid-block)

d.) Railway Crossing

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-12

E.3.2 "GIVE WAY" ("YIELD") Lines

E.3.3 Pedestrian Crossing Markings

Two types of pedestrian crossings are in use:

a.) "Zebra" crossing (non-signalized crossing)

b.) Crosswalks (Signalized crossing)

Figure E.3-1 Typical Pedestrian Crossings

Source: MUTCD 2000

SSTRIMM Traffic Management Manual E-13