BRITISH PRESENCE TO

INDIA
GROUP 1
1. NUR IFFAH BINTI FAUZI (D20172080705)
2. MUHAMMAD AMIR FARHAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (D20181083856)
3. SITI ARSIA BINTI ABDUL MAMAT (D20181083880)
4. FAZHIDAH ASMIRAL (D20181083929)
INTRODUCTION

• AT AN EARLY STAGE, THE BRITISH PRESENCE TO INDIA WAS MORE AS

A TRADER WHO CARED ABOUT THE ECONOMIC SECTOR.
• THEY JUST MAKE PORT AREAS SUCH AS BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND
MADRAS THEIR CENTER OF FOCUS
• HOWEVER, THIS ATTITUDE CHANGED WHEN THE BRITISH FOUND
THAT ECONOMIC POWER WOULD ONLY BE MORE SUCCESSFUL WHEN
POLITICAL POWER WAS IN THEIR GRIP.
• IN ACCORDANCE WITH THAT, THEY STARTED TRYING TO EXPAND
POWER
• UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE SECOND CENTURY OF THE 18TH CENTURY
THEY HAD SUCCESSFULLY CONTROLLED SOME PARTS OF INDIA

• THEY WERE ESTABLISHED IN BENGAL IN THE 1750S AND IT BECAME A

VERY IMPORTANT FOUNDATION IN THE EFFORT TO EXPAND POWER.
FACTORS OF BRITISH
PRESENCE TO INDIA
1. Power vacancy in india
• THERE WAS A VACANCY OF POWER IN INDIA AFTER THE BREAKING MUGHAL
GOVERNMENT FELL UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT.
• VARIOUS GOVERNORS AND REBEL COMMANDERS DETERMINED THEIR
ADVANTAGES IN DIFFERENT PLACES AND STARTED FIGHTING AGAINST EACH
OTHER.
• THIS HAS GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO THE BRITISH TO ESTABLISH THEIR
TRADING POSTS IN INDIA.
• ALTHOUGH THERE WERE POWERFUL INDIAN STATES SUCH AS PUNJAB,
MYSORE AND MARATHAS WHICH RULED THE INDIAN CONTINENT IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY, MANY OF THEM ARGUED WITH EACH
OTHER FOR DIFFERENT REASONS.
• THEY FAILED TO UNDERSTAND THE DANGERS ARISING FROM EAST
INDIAN COMPANIES AND DID NOT UNITE AGAINST FOREIGN ENEMIES
TOGETHER
• THE BRITISH TAKEN OPPORTUNITY FROM THE SITUATION BECAUSE
THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT FAILED TO CREATE A STABLE SOCIAL,
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION.
• BRITISH ADOPT ‘DIVIDE AND RULE’ POLICY
2. RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
• THE RAPIDLY DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAS MADE
INDIA AN IMPORTANT COUNTRY TO THE BRITISH.
• THIS IS BECAUSE INDIA HAS THE OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME A
SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS TO THE BRITISH
• INDIA'S ECONOMY IS MOSTLY CENTERED ON AGRICULTURE WHICH
WILL THEN BE EXPORTED TO THE BRITISH
• AGRICULTURAL SOURCES ARE SUCH AS RAMI, COTTON, SUGAR, TEA,
COFFEE AND WHEAT.
• NEW BRITISH ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC POLICIES HELP THEM
STRENGTHEN THEIR CONTROL OVER INDIA
• THE BRITISH LAND REVENUE POLICY HAS HELPED THE BRITISH TO
TAKE CARE OF POOR FARMERS AND MAKE A LARGE AMOUNT OF
PROFITS IN RETURN
• THEY FORCE FARMERS TO GROW COMMERCIAL CROPS
• STRONG BRITISH POLITICAL CONTROL ENABLED THEM TO
MONOPOLIZE TRADE WITH INDIA
• BRITISH MONOPOLIZES THE SALE OF ALL KINDS OF RAW MATERIALS
AND BUYS THEM AT LOW PRICES WHILE INDIAN PEOPLE HAVE TO BUY
THEM AT VERY HIGH PRICES
3. WIDE MARKET
• THE RAPID INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAS CAUSED THE BRITISH TO
NEED A MARKET TO SELL THEIR MANUFACTURED GOODS
• INDIA'S LARGE POPULATION OF 300 MILLION PEOPLE IS A MARKET
WITH HUGE POTENTIAL TO BECOME CONSUMERS OF BRITISH -MADE
GOODS
• AS A RESULT, THE BRITISH BENEFITED FROM SELLING GOODS TO
INDIAN PEOPLE
 ISOLATION OF THE TERRITORY OF BENGAL

• BENGAL - A REGION LOCATED NEAR THE GANES RIVER.

• OCCURRENCE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES SUCH AS RICE CULTIVATION.
• BECAME THE LARGEST PADDY CULTIVATION AREA IN INDIA.
• ‘BATTLE OF PLASSEY’ IN JULY 1757 - BRITISH TAKE CONTROL OF THE
WHOLE OF NORTHERN INDIA.
• SHTI CONTROLS AND CONTROLS THE ADMINISTRATION IN BENGAL.
 MILITARY
• BRITISH MILITARY POLICY - THE BIGGEST FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE
SUCCESS OF BRITISH DOMINATION OF INDIA.
• THE BRITISH HAD SOPHISTICATED MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND LEADERS OF
CALIBER.
• WEAPONS HAVE BECOME A KEY TOOL FOR THE BRITISH TO RIVAL OTHER
WESTERN POWERS.
• THE BRITISH HAD BUILT NEW WARSHIPS AND ESTABLISHED A STRONG
NAVAL FORCE.
• THE BRITISH EXPELLED THE FRENCH FROM MARITIUS THUS WEAKENING
THE MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND THEIR POSITION.
 RELIGON
• THE EXPANSION OF POWER IN INDIA BROUGHT WITH IT A NEW
ELEMENT THAT IS WESTERN CULTURE.
• THIS NEW CULTURE IS CHANGING THE MOOD AND ENVIRONMENT
OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY.
• SUITING THE RELIGION AND CULTURE OF MUSLIMS.
• CHRISTIANITY IS ALSO SPREAD THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF
EDUCATION.
• SHTI ALSO TAKES OVER TRADITIONAL LAND - MUAFIS.
• THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY MOVEMENT IS ACTIVE TO ATTRACT
THE INTEREST OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY.
 EFFECTS OF BRITISH
OCCUPATION IN INDIA (1857-1947)
1. LOCAL LEADERS LOSE POWERS
• British came to India and change the Indian social hierarchy system - British
vanished the warlord from the upper class - changed them into military
bureaucratic system that is proficient in constituition and governance
• Some upper class still remained by British but they are no
longer allowed to keep their palace, harem (a place for the
kings' concubine), not allowed to use the muslin fabric and
also not allowed to keep their sword
• British also vanished the Mughals Court, throw away three over four of
Indian warlord from the government, get rid of the Indian feudal
landowners and keep only the elite Indian that follows the western
lifestyle.
• The Caste system was also set aside by the British - they introduce the
concept of equality - social mobility increased - the influence Indian of
upper class decreased
2. AFFECTING THE LOCAL
ECONOMY OF INDIAN PEOPLE
• The economic development of the Indians was affected by the introduction of the
Western economic system which was characterized by mass industrialization-Before
the British could control the economy, they had acted first to control Indian politics to
ensure that the trade monopoly in India could be fully controlled.
• Before the arrival of the British in India, India was a kingdom with a stable economic
situation that accounted for 27% of the world economy, but after India was colonized
the results inside India were greatly utilized by the British so after the British left
India, India became one of the poorest countries in the world. The contribution of the
world economy was only 3% compared to before the arrival of the British.
• The agricultural sector is the most important sector that has long contributed to the
local economy even though the equipment used is simple and traditional.
• Since the establishment of the East India Company, the local
economy in India has been severely affected, for example in
the agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, and foreign
trade.
• The handicraft industry, which contributed so much to the
Indian economy, was wiped out, causing the people to lose
their source of income or livelihood so that they had to
compete for jobs. India is made up of the world's largest
population.
• Nevertheless, the British still maintained some agricultural
sectors by adopting primitive and traditional patterns from
1757-1947- Paddy, wheat, and barley were among the main
crops cultivated during British rule in India.
 3. THE DIVISION OF THE CONTINENT OF INDIA
INTO TWO

 India was split into two parts namely India and Pakistan in 1947.
 The British adopted the concept of “divide and rule” in ethnicity and religion as an
agent to create enmity between Hindus and Muslims in India and Pakistan.
 The more separated the two sides became the more easily the British were able to
carry out their colonialism - showing that Pakistan and India could only live
together if under British rule.
 Among the important individuals who sought to claim India's independence from
the British were 2 Hindus (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru)
and a Muslim involved, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, each with an English educational
background.
 Three roundtable meetings were held in London to discuss reforms in the Indian
constitution, but all failed due to opposition from the British Conservative Prime
Minister Winston Churchill in addition to the failure of the meeting between
Jinnah and Gandhi who each wanted to keep India as a government. which is
united.

 After the Second World War ended, Britain finally decided to grant
independence to India because at that time India was considered a burden and
no longer an asset.

 The British had made Pakistan a separate state from India with the
independence granted to them was on 14 August 1947 and became an event
that had a profound effect especially on the people of Pakistan as many Muslim
provinces like Hyderabad, Kashmir and Calcutta had fallen to Hindu India.
 R O D U C TIO N T O E N G L I SH
INT
L A N G UA G E E D U C A T IO N
Sistem pendidikan inggeris Pendidikan inggeris
diperkenalkan oleh British membawa kepada • Sistem pendidikan yang
dengan tujuan untuk
kemunculan golongan elit diperkenalkan bercorak
membolehkan masyarakat
india menguasai Bahasa iaitu pemimpin Gerakan pendidikan sekular
penjajah bagi mendapat politik. • Golongan yang menerima
peluang pekerjaan. pendidikan barat
• Bahasa inggeris turut terpengaruh dengan
• Golongan elit yang
digunakan sebagai medium pelbagai ideologi barat
menyokong Britsh akan
perpaduan dalam memperolahi pekerjaan
• Kehadiran British ke India
menyatukan masyarakat dalam pentadbiran British telah memperluaskan
india yang berpecah belah pengetahuan pendidikan.
 THE EFFECT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION IN THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT

• Kedatangan British ke India secara tidak lansung telah membawa agama Kristian
ADAT&AGAMA • Menekankan kebaikan agama Kristiam berbanding agama lain
• 1817, muncul Kolej Hindu di Calcutta, Sekolah Inggeris Benares (1818)

BAHASA
• menggunakan bahasa Inggeris sebagai Bahasa pengantar dalam sistem pendidikan, mahu
tidak mahu rakyat terpaksa mempelajari dan seterusnya menuturkannya dalam kehidupan
seharian.

KOMUNIKASI • Bahasa Inggeris telah menyatukan penduduk India sama ada di Timur, Selatan, Barat
mahupun di Selatanyang selama ini terpisah kerana perbezaan Bahasa.

• Pengenalan pendidikan Inggeris juga telah memberi kesan kepada kesusasteraan India
Moden. Seperti yang kita tahu,India sangat terkenal dengan hasil-hasil sastera sejak dahulu

KESUSASTERAAN lagi, contohnya seperti Hikayat Seri Rama.

• Hasil sastera yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris seperti Remember The House (Santha
Rama Rau,1956), The Wound of Spring ( S. Menon Marath, 1960), The dark Dancer
(Balachandaran Rajan, 1959) dan sebagainya.
 THE EFFECT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION IN THE POLITICAL MOVEMENT

KEMUNCULAN • Mahatma Gandhi merupakan tokoh yang telah mengetuai perjuangan untuk menuntut kemerdekaan India.
• Mahatma Gandhi mula dikenali melalui kempennya di Afrika Selatan sebelum perang dunia pertama

TOKOH POLITIK
apabila beliau telah mengetuai masyarakat India dalam penentangan tanpa kekerasan terhadap undang-
undang diskriminasi terhadap orang India.

• Golongan yang menerima pendidikan Barat secara tidak langsung terdedah kepada pemikiran liberalorang
KEMUNCULAN Inggeris dan memahami makna kebebasan yang dibuat oleh John Stewart Mill dan Edmund Burke.
• Orang India yang berpendidikan Inggeris ingin memainkan peranan yang penting dan aktif dalam

PARTI POLITIK
pentadbiran negara.
• Keadaan ini telah membawa kepada wujudnya pertubuhan-pertubuhan politik dan antara yang terpenting
adalah India National Congress (INC).

KEMUCUNLAN • Faktor pendidikan merupakan faktor utama dalam perkembangan politik di India dan merupakan titik
permulaan lahirnya rakyat India yang berpendidikan Barat.

GOLONGAN ELIT
• Kebanyakan rakyat India yang berpendidikanBarat adalah terdiri daripada golongan elit yang berasal
daripada kasta tinggi seperti Brahmin dan mereka mampu untuk melanjutkan pelajaran
• Golongan elit ini menjadi pemimpin kepada Gerakan politik di India dan mereka telah bertembung dengan

BERPENDIDIKAN
idea kebebasan individu, hak asasi manusia, liberalisme, demokrasi,persaudaraan, sosialisme dan
komunisme
THE R I S E OF NA T I O NA LI S M
AND R EB EL LI O N
 FAKTOR TERCETUSNYA KEBANGKITAN NASIONALISME DI INDIA
• Pendidikan barat merupakan faktor utama yang melahirkan kesedaran kebangsaan dalam kalangan rakyat India. Matlamat utama
kerajaan British memperkenalkan pendidikan barat adalah untuk melahirkan tenaga kerja yang murah dalam kalangan penduduk
tempatan.
• Kerajaan British juga berpendapat pendidikan barat akan menanam semangat kesetiaan rakyat terhadap pemerintahan British. Di
PENDIDIKAN BARAT samping itu, kerajaan British juga berpendapat pendidikan barat akan menanam semangat kesetiaan rakyat terhadap pemerintahan
British

• Kerajaan British mengamalkan diskriminas dalam pengambilan orang India bagi memenuhi jawatan tinggi dalam perkhidmatan
awam. Amalan diskriminasi melahirkan rasa tidak puas hati dalam kalangan golongan terpelajar di India.
• Namun begitu, kerajaan British tidak mengambil sebarang langkah untuk menguatkuasakan janji-janji yang terkandung di dalam akta.
DISKRIMINASI DALAM Kerajaan British menghalang penyertaan orang India dalam perkhidmatan awam dengan mengadakan peperiksaan untuk
PERKIHDMATAN perkhidmatan awam di britain berdasarkan sukatan pelajaran britain.
AWAM

• Dasar pentadbiran lord lytton telah menimbulkan rasa tidak puas hati dalam kalangan rakyat India. Pelbagai akta yang di perkenalkan
oleh lytton seperti akta senjata dan akta akhbar vernakular melahirkan sentimen anti Inggeris.
• Tindakan kerajaan British untuk mengenakan sekatan terhadap akhbar-akhbar vernakular menyekat kebebasan rakyat untuk
DASAR menyuarakan pandangan mereka. Lytton mengambil langkah-langkah seperti menggalakkan import dan mengehadkan umur
PENTADBIRAAN penyertaan perkhidmatan awam kepada 18 tahun.
lYTTON
CON C L U S IO N
• IN CONCLUSION, THE RACE OF INFLUENCE BETWEEN THE WESTERN POWERS CAUSED THE BRITISH TO EXTEND
THEIR POWER OVER INDIA. BRITISH ASCETICISM THAT BEGAN WITH ECONOMIC INTERESTS BEGAN TO SHIFT
TOWARDS ADMINISTRATION AND COLONIZATION OVER INDIA.

• THE EXPANSION OF POWER WAS DONE BY THE BRITISH THROUGH THE EXPANSION OF POWER IN THE POLITICAL
SPHERE, DOMINANCE IN PROFITABLE TRADE AND A MILITARY POLICY THAT COULD CONTROL LOCAL POWER AS
WELL AS RIVALS TRYING TO TAKE OVER INDIA.

• THE BRITISH SETTLEMENT IN INDIA HAS CHANGED THE HISTORY OF INDIA AND HAS HAD VARIOUS IMPACTS ON
THE POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY.

• THE BRITISH EDUCATION SYSTEM BROUGHT BY THE BRITISH HAS BROUGHT GREAT CHANGES TO THE SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA.

• INDIAN SOCIETY HAS ALSO UNDERGONE A GREAT TRANSFORMATION WHEN THERE WERE A HANDFUL OF INDIANS
WHO RECEIVED ENGLISH EDUCATION AND DIRECTLY THIS GROUP PLAYED A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN
LIBERATING INDIA FROM BRITISH OCCUPATION.