Solar Radiation Geometry: Between A Line Drawn From A Point

solar Radiation Geometry
Latitude or Angle of latitude(φ):

The latitude angle is the angle
between a line drawn from a point
on the earth’s surface to the center
of the earth and the earths’ equatora

i l plane.
D e c l i n a t i o n a n g le (δ) :
If a line is drawn between the center
of
the earth and the sun, the angle

between this line and the earth's
equatorial plane is called
the
declination angle (δ).
δ = 23.45 x sin[(360/365) O b s e r v e r ’ s m e r i d i a n a t P
(284+n)] degrees
Hour angle (ω): is the angular distance between the meridian of the
observer and the meridian whose plane contains the sun.
(or) The hour angle at any moment is the angle through which the earth must
turn to bring the meridian of the observer directly in line with the sun rays.
ω=[ T s -12:00] x 15, where ω=Hour Angle(Degrees) , Ts = Solar time
ω +ve in afternoon and –ve in fore noon since at solar noon the
hour angle is zero
S olar a l t i t u d e a n g l e (α): is defined as

the angle between the central ray from
the sun, and its projection on horizontal
plane containing the observer.
S olar z e n i t h a n g l e (θ z ): Angle
between the sun ray and the normal to
the horizontal plane.
S o l a r a z i m u t h a n g l e (γ s ): measured clockwise
on the horizontal plane, angle between
due south and the projection
of the sun’s central ray.
Slope or Tilt Angle(β): It is Surface azimuth angle(γ): It is the
the angle between the inclined angle in the horizontal plane ,
plane surface of collector and between the line due south and the
the horizontal. horizontal projection of the normal to
+ve when sloping is towards the inclined plane surface.
south +ve when measured from south
towards west.
Angle of incidence (θ i ): is the angle between the sun’s ray incident on the
earth plane surface and the normal to that
surface. Expression for θi can be given as,
cos θ i = (co s φ cos β + s i n φ sin β c o s γ ) cos ω

cos δ +
cos δ s in ω s in βs i n γ + s in δ (s i n φ
cos β - c o s φ sin β c o s γ )
Special Cases:
i) For surface facing due south, γ =0
cos θi = cos (φ - β ) cosω cosδ + sinδ (s in
φ- β ) ii) For a horizontal surface, β = 0, θi = θZ
cos θz = cos φ cosω cosδ + sinδ sin φ
iii) For a vertical surface facing due south

Solar day Length:
At sunrise the rays are parallel to the horizontal surface. Then Angle of
incidence, θi = θZ =900 , the corresponding hour angle, ω s from above eq.
is
cos θi = 0 = cos φ cosω s cosδ + sinδ sin φ
ω s =cos -1 (-tanφ
tanδ ) The angle between sunrise and sunset,
2 ωs
=2cos -1 (-tanφ tanδ )
The daylight hours(t d )

is given by ,
t d =
(2 /15 ) cos - 1 (-tan φ tan δ )
Estimating Solar
Radiation
Monthly And Daily Average Global Radiation:

The correlation for estimating monthly avg. daily total (global)
radiation on a horizontal surface is given by
Because of the difficulties in defining a clear day , J. K. Page
suggested that H c is replaced by H o, eq. becomes,
is the mean avg. of H o for each day of the month, it is calculated by

integrating H o over the day length as follows:
Where ‘t’ is in hours and ‘ω’ is in radians
And hence, substituting the above we get,

Monthly And Daily Average Diffuse
Radiation:
Monthly Avg. Clearness Index (KT): The ratio

of
Solar Radiation on Tilted Surface
Measuring instruments give the value of solar radiation falling on

a
horizontal surface.
 B u t most of the solar equipment has titled surfaces for absorbing
solar radiation, with some tilt angle with horizontal.
 S o we have to calculate the flux on such surface.
 T h e flux is the sum of beam and diffused radiation falling directly
on
the surface and the radiation reflected on to the surface from the
surroundings.
Beam Radiation:
TILT FACTOR(r b ): The ratio of beam radiation flux falling on the tilted surface to that
oh
fozriona
tl surface is called the TILT FACTOR for beam radiation.
For case of tilted surface facing due south γ=0
Diffuse Radiation:
TILT FACTOR (r d ) : The ratio of diffuse radiation flux falling on the tilted surface to that
of horizontal surface is called the TILT FACTOR for diffuse radiation.
Its value depends on the distribution of diffuse radiation over the sky and the portion of the
sky dome seen by the tilted surface.
Assuming that the sky is an isotropic source of diffuse radiation, for a tilted surface with
slope β, we have
(1+ cosβ)/2 is the shape factor for a tilted surface w.r.t. sky

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solar Radiation Geometry

Latitude or Angle of latitude(φ):

of the earth and the earths’ equatora

the earth and the sun, the angle

S olar a l t i t u d e a n g l e (α): is defined as

cos θ i = (co s φ cos β + s i n φ sin β c o s γ ) cos ω

i) For surface facing due south, γ =0

cos θi = cos (φ - β ) cosω cosδ + sinδ (s in

φ- β ) ii) For a horizontal surface, β = 0, θi = θZ

cos θz = cos φ cosω cosδ + sinδ sin φ

iii) For a vertical surface facing due south

tanδ ) The angle between sunrise and sunset,

The daylight hours(t d )

Monthly And Daily Average Global Radiation:

is the mean avg. of H o for each day of the month, it is calculated by

Where ‘t’ is in hours and ‘ω’ is in radians

And hence, substituting the above we get,

Monthly Avg. Clearness Index (KT): The ratio

Measuring instruments give the value of solar radiation falling on

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