Advanced Math For Electrical Engineering

ADVANCED MATH
FOR ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
THE FIELD OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBERS
DEFINITION 1–1 A number of the form a + jb, with a and b real constants and j
= √- 1, is called a complex number. The number a is called the real part, and b is
called the imaginary part.
DEFINITION 1 –2. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if the real parts
are equal and the imaginary parts are equal. That is,
a + jb = c + jd if and only if a = c and b = d
DEFINITION 1 –3. If b is not zero, the numbers a +jb and a – jb are called
conjugate complex numbers. Each is the conjugate of the other.
DEFINITION 1 –4. The sum and product of two complex numbers are defined
by the following equations.
Sum: (a + jb) + (c + jd) = (a + c) + j(b + d)
Product: (a + jb)(c + jd) = (ac -bd) + j(bc + ad)
THEOREM 1 – 1. Addition of complex numbers is commutative. That is,

(a + jb) + (c + jd) = (c + jd) + (a + jb)

THEOREM 1 – 2. Multiplication of complex numbers is commutative. That is,

(a + jb)(c + jd) = (c + jd) (a + jb)

THEOREM 1 – 3. Any complex number a + jb has a unique identity element for
multiplication. The unique identity element for multiplication is 1.

THEOREM 1 – 4. Any complex number a + jb has a unique inverse element for
multiplication. The inverse element for multiplication is the complex number

1/a + jb =(a – jb)/(a2 + b2)
THEOREM 1 – 5. The associative law for multiplication holds for complex numbers.
That is,
[(a + jb)(c + jd)](e + jf) = (a + jb)[(c + jd)(e + jf)]

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers are usually represented graphically by points in the plane of a rectangular coordinate
system. A number of the form a + jb is represented by the point whose coordinates are (a, b). Hence any
complex number determines a point in the plane, and conversely, any point of the plane determines a
complex number. The points on the axes correspond to special complex numbers. Figure 1-1 illustrates the
correspondence between some complex numbers and points. When a rectangular coordinate plane is used
to represent complex numbers, the x- axis is called the real axis, the y-axis the pure imaginary axis, and
the plane the complex plane. j

4
3
-3 + j2
a + jb
2
1
b
-R 0 a R
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3 - j2
-3 2 - j3
-4
-j
The sum of two complex numbers can be found graphically by using the vertices
of a parallelogram.
Y
(a + c) + j(b + d)
c + jd
d
d
a + jb
c
b
0 c
x
a
TRIGONOMETRIC FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
A complex number expressed as a + jb is said to be in algebraic, or rectangular, form.
The point P (Fig. 1-2) corresponding to the number a + jb has the coordinates (a,b).
The distance from the origin to P is denoted by r, and the angle from the positive real
axis to the distance segment is denoted by θ. The distance r, is chosen positive when
P is any point other than the origin, is called the absolute value, or modulus, of a +
jb. The angle θ is called the amplitude or argument.
Y
Referring to the diagram, we have the relations
P (a + jb )
r2 = a2 + b2, tan θ = b/a and

r
b a = rcos θ, b = rsin θ

0 Hence it follows that
0 a
x
a + jb = r(cos θ + jsin θ)
Figure 1 –2
The expression r(cos θ + jsin θ) is called the
trigonometric, or polar form of a complex number.
The number r(modulus) is never negative. The factor
(cos θ + jsin θ) reveals the direction of P from the
origin.
a + jb -- Rectangular form
r(cos θ + jsin θ) --- trigonometric form
r θ ---- Polar form θ is in degrees
r θ = √ a2 + b2 arctan (b/a)
r ejθ = θ is in radian
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF NUMBERS IN POLAR
FORM
THEOREM 1 – 6 The absolute value of the product of two complex numbers is equal to
the product of their absolute values. The amplitude of the product of two complex
numbers is equal to the sum of their amplitudes.
r1 θ1 x r2 θ2 = r1 r2  θ1 + θ2 = r1 r2 [cos (θ1 + θ2) + j sin (θ1 + θ2)]
THEOREM 1 – 7 The absolute value of the quotient of two complex numbers is equal to
the quotient of their absolute values. The amplitude equal to the amplitude of the
dividend minus amplitude of the divisor.
r1 θ1
__________ = r1 / r2 ( θ1 - θ2 ) = r1 / r2 [cos (θ1 - θ2) + j sin (θ1 - θ2)]
r2 θ2
The product of n complex numbers is given by
z1 z2 z3 . . . zn = r1 r2 . . . rn [cos (θ1 + θ2 + . . . θ2) + j sin (θ1 + θ2 + . . . θn)]

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