Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology For Data Mining: What Is A Data Warehouse?

Data Warehousing and OLAP
Technology for Data Mining
 What is a data warehouse?
 A multi-dimensional data model
 Data warehouse architecture
 Data warehouse implementation
 Further development of data cube technology
 From data warehousing to data mining

An Introduction to Data Warehousing
Data Warehouse: Concepts and

March 5, 2022 Techniques 2
Problem: Heterogeneous Information Sources
“Heterogeneities are
everywhere” Personal
Databases
World
Scientific Databases
Wide
Web
Digital Libraries
 Different interfaces
 Different data representations
 Duplicate and inconsistent information
CS 336 3
Problem: Data Management in Large Enterprises
 Vertical fragmentation of informational systems

(vertical stove pipes)
 Result of application (user)-driven development of
operational systems
Sales Planning Suppliers Num. Control

Stock Mngmt Debt Mngmt Inventory
... ... ...
Sales Administration Finance Manufacturing ...
CS 336 4
Goal: Unified Access to Data
Integration System
World
Wide
Personal
Web
Digital Libraries Scientific Databases Databases
 Collects and combines information

 Provides integrated view, uniform user interface
 Supports sharing
CS 336 5
Need of Warehouse
 Two Approaches:
 Query-Driven (Lazy)
 Warehouse (Eager)
Source Source
CS 336 6
The Traditional Research Approach
 Query-driven (lazy, Clients

on-demand)
Integration System Metadata
...
Wrapper Wrapper Wrapper
...
Source Source Source
CS 336 7
Disadvantages of Query-Driven Approach
 Delay in query processing

 Slow or unavailable information sources
 Complex filtering and integration
 Inefficient and potentially expensive for frequent queries
 Competes with local processing at sources
 Hasn’t caught on in industry
CS 336 8
The Warehousing Approach
Clients
 Information integrated
in advance
Data
 Stored in wh for direct Warehouse
querying and analysis
Integration System Metadata
...
Extractor/ Extractor/ Extractor/
Monitor Monitor Monitor
...
Source Source Source
CS 336 9
Definitions
 Data Warehouse
 A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-
updatable collection of data used in support of
management decision-making processes
 Subject-oriented: e.g. customers, patients,
students, products
 Integrated: consistent naming conventions, formats,
encoding structures; from multiple data sources

 Time-variant: can study trends and changes
 Non-updatable: read-only, periodically refreshed
 Data Mart
 A data warehouse that is limited in scope
10
Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented
 Organized around major subjects, such as customer,

product, sales.
 Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction
processing.
 Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in
the decision support process.
Data Warehouse—Integrated
 Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous
data sources
 relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction
records
 Data cleaning and data integration techniques are
applied.
 Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding
structures, attribute measures, etc. among different

data sources
 E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
 When data is moved to the warehouse, it is
converted.
Data Warehouse—Time Variant
 The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly

longer than that of operational systems.
 Operational database: current value data.
 Data warehouse data: provide information from a
historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
 Every key structure in the data warehouse
 Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
 But the key of operational data may or may not
contain “time element”.
Data Warehouse—Non-Volatile
 A physically separate store of data transformed from

the operational environment.
 Operational update of data does not occur in the data
warehouse environment.
 Does not require transaction processing, recovery,
and concurrency control mechanisms
 Requires only two operations in data accessing:
 initial loading of data and access of data.
Advantages of Warehousing Approach
 High query performance

 But not necessarily most current information
 Doesn’t interfere with local processing at sources

 Complex queries at warehouse
 OLTP at information sources
 Information copied at warehouse

 Can modify, annotate, summarize, restructure, etc.
 Can store historical information
 Security, no auditing
 Has caught on in industry
CS 336 15
Not Either-Or Decision
 Query-driven approach still better for

 Rapidly changing information
 Rapidly changing information sources
 Truly vast amounts of data from large
numbers of sources
 Clients with unpredictable needs
CS 336 16
Definition of Data Warehouse :
A Practitioners Viewpoint
“A data warehouse is simply a single, complete, and

consistent store of data obtained from a variety of sources
and made available to end users in a way they can
understand and use it in a business context.”
-- Barry Devlin, IBM Consultant
CS 336 17
Generic Warehouse Architecture
Client Client
Query & Analysis
Design Phase Loading
Warehouse Metadata
Maintenance
Integrator Optimization
Extractor/ Extractor/ Extractor/

Monitor Monitor Monitor
...
CS 336 18
Data Warehouse Architectures: Conceptual
View
Operational Informational
 Single-layer systems systems
 Every data element is stored once only
 Virtual warehouse “Real-time data”
 Two-layer
 Real-time + derived data
 Most commonly used approach in systems systems
industry today
Derived Data
Real-time data
CS 336 19
Three-layer Architecture: Conceptual View
 Transformation of real-time data to derived data

really requires two steps
systems systems
View level
“Particular informational
Derived Data
needs”
Reconciled Data
Physical Implementation
of the Data Warehouse
Real-time data
CS 336 20
Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology
for Data Mining

From Tables and Spreadsheets
to Data Cubes
 A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model which
views data in the form of a data cube
 A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and viewed in
multiple dimensions
 Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand, type), or
time(day, week, month, quarter, year)
 Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold) and keys to
each of the related dimension tables
 In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a base
cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest-level of
summarization, is called the apex cuboid. The lattice of cuboids
forms a data cube.
Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
all
0-D(apex) cuboid
time item location supplier

1-D cuboids
time,item time,location item,location location,supplier

2-D cuboids
time,supplier item,supplier
time,location,supplier
time,item,location 3-D cuboids
time,item,supplier item,location,supplier
4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
Conceptual Modeling of Data Warehouses
 Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures

 Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to
a set of dimension tables
 Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema
where some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into
a set of smaller dimension tables, forming a shape
similar to snowflake
 Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share
dimension tables, viewed as a collection of stars,
therefore called galaxy schema or fact constellation
Example of Star Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name
month brand
quarter time_key type
year supplier_type
item_key
branch_key
branch location
location_key
branch_key location_key
branch_name units_sold street
branch_type city
dollars_sold province_or_street
country
avg_sales
Measures
Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key supplier
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name supplier_key
month brand supplier_type
quarter time_key type
year item_key supplier_key
branch_key
location
branch location_key
location_key
branch_key
units_sold street
branch_name
city_key city
branch_type
dollars_sold
city_key
avg_sales city
province_or_street
Measures country
Example of Fact Constellation
time
time_key item Shipping Fact Table
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name time_key
month brand
quarter time_key type item_key
year supplier_type shipper_key
item_key
branch_key from_location
branch location_key location to_location

branch_key location_key dollars_cost
branch_name units_sold
street
branch_type dollars_sold city units_shipped
province_or_street
avg_sales country shipper
Measures shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
shipper_type
Measures: Three Categories
 distributive: if the result derived by applying the function to n

aggregate values is the same as that derived by applying the
function on all the data without partitioning.
 E.g., count(), sum(), min(), max().
 algebraic: if it can be computed by an algebraic function with
M arguments (where M is a bounded integer), each of which
is obtained by applying a distributive aggregate function.
 E.g., avg(), min_N(), standard_deviation().
 holistic: if there is no constant bound on the storage size
needed to describe a sub aggregate.
 E.g., median(), mode(), rank().
A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location)
all all
region Europe ... North_America
country Germany ... Spain Canada ... Mexico
city Frankfurt ... Vancouver ... Toronto
office L. Chan ... M. Wind

View of Warehouses and Hierarchies
Specification of hierarchies
 Schema hierarchy
day < {month <
quarter; week} < year
 Set_grouping hierarchy
{1..10} < inexpensive
Multidimensional Data
 Sales volume as a function of product, month, and
region
Dimensions: Product, Location, Time
Hierarchical summarization paths
on
gi
Industry Region Year

Re
Category Country Quarter

Product
Product City Month Week
Office Day
Month
A Sample Data Cube
Total annual sales
Date of TV in U.S.A.
1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr sum
t
uc
TV
od
PC U.S.A
Pr
VCR
Country
sum
Canada
Mexico
sum
Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube
all
0-D(apex) cuboid
product date country
1-D cuboids
product,date product,country date, country

2-D cuboids
3-D(base) cuboid
product, date, country
Browsing a Data Cube
 Visualization
 OLAP capabilities
 Interactive manipulation
Typical OLAP Operations
 Roll up (drill-up): summarize data

 by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
 Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
 from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed
data, or introducing new dimensions
 Slice and dice:
 project and select
 Pivot (rotate):
 reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes.
 Other operations
 drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
 drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its back-
end relational tables (using SQL)
A Star-Net Query Model
Customer Orders
Shipping Method
Customer
CONTRACTS
AIR-EXPRESS
ORDER
TRUCK
PRODUCT LINE
Time Product
ANNUALY QTRLY DAILY PRODUCT ITEM PRODUCT GROUP
CITY
SALES PERSON
COUNTRY
DISTRICT
REGION
DIVISION
Location Each circle is called a Promotion Organization
footprint
Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining

Design of a Data Warehouse: A Business
Analysis Framework
 Four views regarding the design of a data warehouse

 Top-down view
 allows selection of the relevant information necessary for the
data warehouse
 Data source view
 exposes the information being captured, stored, and
managed by operational systems
 Data warehouse view
 consists of fact tables and dimension tables
 Business query view
 sees the perspectives of data in the warehouse from the view
of end-user
Data Warehouse Design Process
 Top-down, bottom-up approaches or a combination of both

 Top-down: Starts with overall design and planning (mature)
 Bottom-up: Starts with experiments and prototypes (rapid)
 From software engineering point of view

 Waterfall: structured and systematic analysis at each step before
proceeding to the next

 Spiral: rapid generation of increasingly functional systems, short
turn around time, quick turn around

 Typical data warehouse design process
 Choose a business process to model, e.g., orders, invoices, etc.
 Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the business process
 Choose the dimensions that will apply to each fact table record
 Choose the measure that will populate each fact table record
Multi-Tiered Architecture
Monitor
Metadata & OLAP Server
other
source Integrator
s Analysis
Operational Extract Query
DBs Transform Data Serve Reports
Load
Refresh
Warehouse Data mining
Data Marts
Data Sources Data Storage OLAP Engine Front-End Tools

Three Data Warehouse Models
 Enterprise warehouse
 collects all of the information about subjects spanning the
entire organization
 Data Mart
 a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a specific
groups of users. Its scope is confined to specific, selected

groups, such as marketing data mart
 Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart
 Virtual warehouse
 A set of views over operational databases
 Only some of the possible summary views may be
materialized
Data Warehouse Development:
A Recommended Approach
Multi-Tier Data
Warehouse
Distributed
Data Marts
Data Data Enterprise

Mart Mart Data
Warehouse
Model refinement Model refinement
Define a high-level corporate data model

OLAP Server Architectures
 Relational OLAP (ROLAP)

 Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage
warehouse data and OLAP middle ware to support missing pieces

 Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of
aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and services
 greater scalability
 Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)

 Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse matrix
techniques)
 fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data
 Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)

 User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array
 Specialized SQL servers

 specialized support for SQL queries over star/snowflake schemas

Efficient Data Cube Computation
 Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
 The bottom-most cuboid is the base cuboid
 The top-most cuboid (apex) contains only one cell
 How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with L
levels? n
T   ( Li 1)
i 1
 Materialization of data cube
 Materialize every (cuboid) (full materialization), none (no
materialization), or some (partial materialization)
 Selection of which cuboids to materialize
 Based on size, sharing, access frequency, etc.
Cube Operation
 Cube definition and computation in DMQL
define cube sales[item, city, year]: sum(sales_in_dollars)
compute cube sales
 Transform it into a SQL-like language (with a new operator cube by,
introduced by Gray et al.’96)
()
SELECT item, city, year, SUM (amount)
FROM SALES
(city) (item) (year)
CUBE BY item, city, year
 Need compute the following Group-Bys
(date, product, customer),
(city, item) (city, year) (item, year)
(date,product),(date, customer), (product, customer),
(date), (product), (customer)
() (city, item, year)
Cube Computation: ROLAP-Based Method
 Efficient cube computation methods
 ROLAP-based cubing algorithms (Agarwal et al’96)
 Array-based cubing algorithm (Zhao et al’97)
 Bottom-up computation method (Bayer & Ramarkrishnan’99)
 ROLAP-based cubing algorithms
 Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are applied to the
dimension attributes in order to reorder and cluster related
tuples
 Grouping is performed on some subaggregates as a “partial
grouping step”
 Aggregates may be computed from previously computed
aggregates, rather than from the base fact table
Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube
Computation
 Partition arrays into chunks (a small subcube which fits in memory).
 Compressed sparse array addressing: (chunk_id, offset)
 Compute aggregates in “multiway” by visiting cube cells in the order which
minimizes the # of times to visit each cell, and reduces memory access and
storage cost.
C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32 What is the best traversing
c0
b3 B13 14 15 16 60 order to do multi-way
44
9
28 56 aggregation?
b2
B 40
24 52
b1 5 36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A
Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation
C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32
c0
B13 14 15 16 60
b3 44
B 28 56
b2 9
40
24 52
b1 5
36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A
Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation
C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32
c0
B13 14 15 16 60
b3 44
B 28 56
b2 9
40
24 52
b1 5
36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A
Multi-Way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation (Cont.)
 Method: the planes should be sorted and computed

according to their size in ascending order.
 Idea: keep the smallest plane in the main memory,
fetch and compute only one chunk at a time for the

largest plane
 Limitation of the method: computing well only for a
small number of dimensions
 If there are a large number of dimensions, “bottom-
up computation” and iceberg cube computation

methods can be explored
Indexing OLAP Data: Join Indices
 Traditional indices map the values to a list of

record ids
 It materializes relational join in Join index
file and speeds up relational join — a rather

costly operation
 In data warehouses, join index relates the
values of the dimensions of a start schema to
rows in the fact table.
 E.g. fact table: Sales and two dimensions
city and product

 A join index on city maintains for each
distinct city a list of R-IDs of the tuples

recording the Sales in the city
 Join indices can span multiple dimensions
Efficient Processing OLAP Queries
 Determine which operations should be performed on the

available cuboids:
 transform drill, roll, etc. into corresponding SQL and/or
OLAP operations, e.g, dice = selection + projection
 Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the relevant
operations should be applied.
 Exploring indexing structures and compressed vs. dense
array structures in MOLAP
Metadata Repository
 Meta data is the data defining warehouse objects. It has the following
kinds
 Description of the structure of the warehouse
 schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data mart

locations and contents
 Operational meta-data
 data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path),
currency of data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring information
(warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit trails)
 The algorithms used for summarization
 The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse
 Data related to system performance
 warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions
 Business data
 business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging policies
Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and
Utilities
 Data extraction:
 get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external
sources
 Data cleaning:
 detect errors in the data and rectify them when possible
 Data transformation:
 convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse
format
 Load:
 sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check
integrity, and build indicies and partitions
 Refresh
 propagate the updates from the data sources to the
warehouse

Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data
Cubes
 Hypothesis-driven: exploration by user, huge search space

 Discovery-driven (Sarawagi et al.’98)
 pre-compute measures indicating exceptions, guide user in the
data analysis, at all levels of aggregation
 Exception: significantly different from the value anticipated,
based on a statistical model
 Visual cues such as background color are used to reflect the
degree of exception of each cell
 Computation of exception indicator (modeling fitting and
computing SelfExp, InExp, and PathExp values) can be
overlapped with cube construction
Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes
Complex Aggregation at Multiple
Granularities: Multi-Feature Cubes
 Multi-feature cubes (Ross, et al. 1998): Compute complex queries

involving multiple dependent aggregates at multiple granularities
 Ex. Grouping by all subsets of {item, region, month}, find the
maximum price in 1997 for each group, and the total sales among all
maximum price tuples
select item, region, month, max(price), sum(R.sales)
from purchases
where year = 1997
cube by item, region, month: R
such that R.price = max(price)
 Continuing the last example, among the max price tuples, find the
min and max shelf life, and find the fraction of the total sales due to
tuple that have min shelf life within the set of all max price tuples

Data Warehouse Usage
 Three kinds of data warehouse applications
 Information processing
 supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting
using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs
 Analytical processing
 multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data
 supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling, pivoting
 Data mining
 knowledge discovery from hidden patterns
 supports associations, constructing analytical models,
performing classification and prediction, and presenting the
mining results using visualization tools.
From On-Line Analytical Processing
to On Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)
 Why online analytical mining?

 High quality of data in data warehouses
 DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data
 Available information processing structure surrounding data

warehouses
 ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting
and OLAP tools

 OLAP-based exploratory data analysis
 mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc.
 On-line selection of data mining functions

 integration and swapping of multiple mining functions,
algorithms, and tasks.

 Architecture of OLAM
An OLAM Architecture
Mining query Mining result Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
Layer3
OLAM OLAP
Engine Engine OLAP/OLAM
Data Cube API
Layer2
MDDB
MDDB
Meta
Data
Filtering&Integration Database API Filtering
Layer1
Data cleaning Data
Databases Data
Data integration Warehouse Repository
Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS
 OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
 Major task of traditional relational DBMS
 Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking,
manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.
 OLAP (on-line analytical processing)
 Major task of data warehouse system
 Data analysis and decision making
 Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
 User and system orientation: customer vs. market
 Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated
 Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject
 View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated
 Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP OLAP
users clerk, IT professional knowledge worker
function day to day operations decision support
DB design application-oriented subject-oriented
data current, up-to-date historical,
detailed, flat relational summarized, multidimensional
isolated integrated, consolidated
usage repetitive ad-hoc
access read/write lots of scans
index/hash on prim. key
unit of work short, simple transaction complex query
# records accessed tens millions
#users thousands hundreds
DB size 100MB-GB 100GB-TB
metric transaction throughput query throughput, response
Why Separate Data Warehouse?
 High performance for both systems
 DBMS— tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing,
concurrency control, recovery

 Warehouse—tuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries,
multidimensional view, consolidation.

 Different functions and different data:
 missing data: Decision support requires historical data
which operational DBs do not typically maintain

 data consolidation: DS requires consolidation
(aggregation, summarization) of data from

heterogeneous sources
 data quality: different sources typically use inconsistent
data representations, codes and formats which have to

be reconciled
Summary
 Data warehouse
 A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of
data in support of management’s decision-making process
 A multi-dimensional model of a data warehouse
 Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations
 A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
 OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and pivoting
 OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP
 Efficient computation of data cubes
 Partial vs. full vs. no materialization
 Multiway array aggregation
 Bitmap index and join index implementations
 Discovery-drive and multi-feature cubes
 From OLAP to OLAM (on-line analytical mining)

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Data Warehousing and OLAP

Technology for Data Mining

 What is a data warehouse?

 A multi-dimensional data model

 Data warehouse architecture

 Data warehouse implementation

 Further development of data cube technology

 From data warehousing to data mining

Data Warehouse: Concepts and

 Vertical fragmentation of informational systems

Sales Planning Suppliers Num. Control

Sales Administration Finance Manufacturing ...

 Collects and combines information

 Query-driven (lazy, Clients

Integration System Metadata

 Delay in query processing

 Complex filtering and integration

 Inefficient and potentially expensive for frequent queries

 Competes with local processing at sources

 Hasn’t caught on in industry

Integration System Metadata

encoding structures; from multiple data sources

 Non-updatable: read-only, periodically refreshed

 Organized around major subjects, such as customer,

structures, attribute measures, etc. among different

 The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly

 A physically separate store of data transformed from

 High query performance

 Doesn’t interfere with local processing at sources

 OLTP at information sources

 Information copied at warehouse

 Can store historical information

 Has caught on in industry

 Query-driven approach still better for

 Rapidly changing information sources

 Truly vast amounts of data from large

“A data warehouse is simply a single, complete, and

-- Barry Devlin, IBM Consultant

Design Phase Loading

Extractor/ Extractor/ Extractor/

 Every data element is stored once only

 Virtual warehouse “Real-time data”

 Transformation of real-time data to derived data

 What is a data warehouse?

 A multi-dimensional data model

 Data warehouse architecture

 Data warehouse implementation

 Further development of data cube technology

 From data warehousing to data mining

time item location supplier

time,item time,location item,location location,supplier

 Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures

branch location_key location to_location

 distributive: if the result derived by applying the function to n

region Europe ... North_America

country Germany ... Spain Canada ... Mexico

city Frankfurt ... Vancouver ... Toronto

office L. Chan ... M. Wind

Industry Region Year