1

2
3
 LESSON OVERVIEW – Unit 2
Today, I will be reviewing: Pen and Paper
Membranes: Facilitated Diffusion
and Compartmentalization and its origin
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to score
points for these Learning Objectives:
• Explain how the structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through
the plasma membrane.
• Describe the membrane-bound structures of the eukaryotic cell.
• Explain how internal membranes and membrane bound organelles
contribute to compartmentalization of eukaryotic cell functions.
• Describe similarities and/or differences in compartmentalization
between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Describe the relationship between the functions of endosymbiotic
organelles and their free-living ancestral counterparts.
,.

4
The Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membranes
consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules that
are embedded with proteins, steroids (such as cholesterol in
eukaryotes), glycoproteins and glycolipids that can flow around
the surface of the cell within the membrane.

GLYCOLIPID GLYCOPROTEIN

CHOLESTEROL
INTEGRAL
TRANSMEMBRANE/INTEGRAL PERIPHERAL
5
6
7
WARM-UP – HOMEWORK FROM MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT

Proteins – large complex molecules– are

major building blocks of all living organisms.

Discuss the following in relation to proteins:

The roles of proteins in membrane structure
and transport of molecules across the
membrane.
,.

8
 Scoring Guideline from Homework/Warm Up
Role in membrane structure:
• Description of integral and/or peripheral proteins
• Membrane synthesis
• Defines membrane sidedness

Membrane function other than transport:

• Receptors
• Enzymes
• Cell to cell communication
• Anchoring of cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix
• Spatial configuration of reaction pathways (e.g. electron transport system)
• Cell recognition
• Cell junctions

Role in transport:
• Transport proteins may be specific
• Process may require direct input of energy (e.g. use of ATP)
• Description of transport mechanisms (bind molecule, conformational change,
release molecule) or description of how proteins form channels and move molecules through them.

Elaboration
• Description of a specific transport system (e.g. ATP synthase, Na+/K+ pump, receptor mediated endocytosis)
• Description of chemiosmosis
• More than one molecule transported (e.g. symport, antiport)
• May be regulated by electrical or chemical stimuli (gated channels)

9
10
Membrane proteins are required for facilitated
diffusion of charged and large polar molecules
through a membrane.

Examples:

Aquaporins
Channel proteins

11
Aquaporins

12
Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel
proteins to move through the membrane.

13
Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across
the membrane.

14
The Na+/K+ ATPase (The Sodium-Potassium Pump)
contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

3
1 4

15
Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.
Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active
transport of molecules and/or across the membrane and to
establish and maintain concentration gradients.

16
Investigation Four – Diffusion and Osmosis Part 1

17
Investigation 4: Part 1 Diffusion
To maintain homeostasis, materials move in and out of cells. Diffusion moves
these materials (molecules) from an area of high concentration to low
concentration.
This lab uses artificial cells to help students study the surface area to volume
relationship. First, how to calculate surface area and volume is necessary and
then setting the ratio up properly to understand what happens.
In my classroom, we currently use vinegar, unflavored gelatin, NaOH, and
vinegar for this lab. The cubes are made with gelatin, phenophaltlein, ethol
alcohol, and NaOH. This combination gives you the very cool pink color.
Next, students cut the gelatin into a variety of different sized blocks and then
take their measurements. They learn the the block with the largest SA to V
ratio turns clear first.
Why does it turn clear? The vinegar, an acid permeates into the basic block,
decreasing the alkalinity that with the indicator turned the block pink.

18
Investigation 4: Part 1 Diffusion

19
Investigation 4: Part 1 Diffusion

20
Results of Diffusion Lab
Cube Length Surface area Volume Surface Time until clear
Of Area:Volume
Sides Ratio

Cube 1 4 cm 96 cm2 64 cm3 1.5:1 90 minutes

Cube 2 2 cm 24 cm 2 8 cm3 3:1 45 minutes

Cube 3 1 cm 6 cm 2 1 cm3 6:1 15 minutes

21
Compartmentalization
Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the
cell into specialized regions.
Intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic
reactions are compartmentalized within membrane-bound
organelles in eukaryotic cells.
This compartmentalization contributes to the functions within a
eukaryotic cell.

22
Prokaryotes generally lack internal membrane-bound organelles
but have internal regions with specialized structures and
functions.

One circular chromosome is located in the nucleoid region of a

prokaryotic cell.

Other internal regions perform respiration and photosynthesis

on extensions of their cell membranes that use a proton gradient
and enzymes to produce energy.

23
 Theory of Endosymbiosis: Membrane-bound organelles
evolved from once free-living prokaryotic cells via
endosymbiosis.

Formation of a
double membrane:

24
 Science Skill Practice:
6.B Support a claim with
evidence from biological principles,
concepts, processes, and/or data.
6.E.a Predict the causes or effects
of a change in, or disruption to,
one or more components in a
biological system based on
biological concepts or processes.
Task Verbs Used Today:
Describe and Support
25
Writing FRQ responses:

26
Scoring Guideline

27
28
29
30
31
6.E.a
Predict the effect
of a change…

32
33
34
35
36
37
The petal color of the Mexican Morning Glory changes from red to blue, and the petal cells swell
during flower opening. The pigment Heavenly Blue Anthocyanin is found in the vacuole of petal cells.
Petal color is determined by the pH of the Vacuole. A model of the morning glory petal cell before
and after flower opening is shown in Table 1.

a. Identify the cellular component in the model that is responsible for the increase in the pH of the
vacuole during flower opening and describe the component’s role in changing the pH of the
vacuole.
b. A researcher claims that the activation of the K +/H+ transport protein causes the vacuole to swell
with water. Provide reasoning to support the researcher’s claim.

38
Part a response includes both of the following criteria:

The K+/H+ transport protein is identified as the cellular component responsible

for the increase in pH.

Part b response includes one of the following reasonings:

The concentration of solute K+ is increasing inside the vacuole.

The solute K+ is moving into the vacuole, making it hypertonic/hyperosmotic/
lowering water potential.

39
40
• Take aways for today:

The structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through the

plasma membrane
Membranes contribute to compartmentalization and contribute to
the functioning of eukaryotic cells.

You should also be able to:

Describe the membrane-bound structures of the eukaryotic cell.

Describe similarities and/or differences in compartmentalization
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Describe the relationship between the functions of endosymbiotic
organelles and their free-living ancestral counterparts.

Be able to describe it, explain it, and predict what would happen
without it.
Common errors and misunderstandings
Students often switch:

The orientation of their SA:V ratio and

state answer in V:SA form.

The location of the proton gradients and their role

in ATP production.

The movement of sodium and potassium into and

out of the cell.

42
43
AP EXAM PRACTICE – HOMEWORK
A difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is seen in the organization
of their genetic material.

Discuss the organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes.

(Hint: think outside of just about the nucleus)

44
Device and Internet Access

b y
t h is th !
Do il 24
A p r
We know that not all students have access to the internet or a
device. We’re working on solutions to help students get what
they need to show their best work. If you need mobile tools or
connectivity or know someone who does, you can reach us
directly to let us know.

cb.org/tech
 n :
sio nd
S es is a
w o s of
e
vi Osm tion
e
R s: r
x t e po 4
Ne bran osis tion
em sm tiga
M he o es
t Inv 46