BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Scheme/Year :C-16/1st YEAR
Subject code : EE-106 BY
R. SIVAPRASAD,
LECTURER IN EEE,
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, SATYAVEDU
 CHAPTER-I
Basic Principles of Electricity
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Sources of electricity and merits
 Nature of electricity
 Definitions
 Concept of DC current and voltage
 Ohm’s law and problems
 Effect of temperature on resistance
 Temperature coefficient of resistance
 Combinations of resistance
 Current and Voltage division
 Effects of electric current
 Introduction

 The electricity cannot be seen but its effect can

be experienced
 The electricity is a kind of energy as heat, light

and sound etc.

 Electricity has become the basic need for

survival globally
 Electricity is convenient form of energy and has

got numerous applications

 We cannot imagine the life without electricity

because it becomes a part and parcel of human

life
Introduction
 Sources of electricity

Conventional Non-Conventional
sources(or) sources (or)
Primary sources (or) Secondary sources (or)
Non-Renewable sources Renewable sources
Conventional Sources or Primary
sources or Non-Renewable sources
 Definition: The energy sources which can't be
compensated, once these are used
 These are most dependent
 Commonly used for generation of electricity
 The following are conventional sources

1) Solid fuels (Lignite, coal, wood etc)

2) Liquid fuels (Heave oil, Diesel oil , Petrol etc)
3) Gaseous fuels (Natural gas Petroleum gas etc)
4) Water (Hydro) power
5) Nuclear power
 Liquid fuels

Water(hydro) Power Nuclear power

Non-Conventional Sources or Secondary
sources or Renewable sources
 Definition: The sources which never be exhausted
and can be used to produce energy again and again
 The following are some of the examples
1) The sun(Solar)
2) Ocean Tides and Waves
3) The Wind
4) Geo-Thermal Energy
5) Biomass/Bio gas
6) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
7) Fuel cells
8) Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generation (MHD)
9) Thermo-Electric power
10) Piezeo electric power
 Ocean tides and waves

Wind energy Geo-thermal

energy
 Ocean thermal energy
conversion(OTEC)

Fuel cells
Magneto hydro dynamic generation Thermo electric power
 Sources of Electrical Energy

Conventional sources or Non-Conventional sources

Primary sources or or Secondary sources or
Non-Renewable sources Renewable sources

1. The sun (solar)

2. Ocean tides and waves
1.Solid fuels(Lignite, Coal etc)
3. The wind
2. Liquid fuels (Heave oil, Diesel 4. Geo-thermal energy
oil, Petrol etc)
5. Biomass /Biogas
3.Gaseous fuels (Natural gas, 6. Ocean thermal energy conversion
Petroleum gas etc) (OTEC)
4. Water(hydro) Power 7. Fuel cells
5. Nuclear power 8. Magneto hydro dynamic generation
(MHD)
9. Thermo electric power
10. Piezeo electric power
Merits (Advantages) of Electrical energy
1. Cheapness

2. Cleanliness

3. Convenient form

4. Easy control

5. Greater flexibility

6. High transmission efficiency

Nature Of Electricity
 The nature of the electricity can be explained
on the basis of modern electron theory
 Matter is defined as anything that occupies

space and has weight such as copper, water,

air, Al etc
 Matter is composed of extremely small

particles known as molecules

 Molecules made-up of atoms
 Atoms basically consists of a nucleus and

electrons
 Atomic structure

Electron Orbits

Number of electrons = Number of protons

The diameter of an atom ~10-10 meters
The diameter of an nucleus ~10-15 meters
The number of electrons in any orbit =2n2
The electrons in outer most orbit of an atom are called VALENCE
ELECTRONS or FREE ELECTRONS
The valence electrons determines physical, chemical and electrical
properties of a material
The maximum number of valence electrons can be 8
Valence electrons in an atom
Valence electrons determine whether the material is chemically active, metal or non metal or gas or solid
Material classified based on valence electrons
Materials basically classified into 3 types
Conductors
The valence electrons <4e-
Ex. Na11(1), Mg12(2) and Al13 (3)

Semi-conductors
The valence electrons =4e-
Ex. Ge32 (4), Si14(4)and C6

Insulators
The valence electrons >4e-
Ex. N7 (5), S16 (6), Ne10 (8), Glass,
Mica, Paper Wood etc
Electric current (I):-
 The flow of free electrons is known as Electric
Current
 It is denoted by I
 The unit of current is Amperes(A)
 The electric current is flow of Electric charge
Random motion of electrons
Free electrons Atoms

Drifting of electrons
 The direction of
conventional
current is
opposite to the
direction of
electron flow
Electric current I=Q/t
Q= Total charge crossed the
section, unit= coloumb
1coulumb= 624x1016electrons
t=Time taken to charge
crossed the section
The current is the rate of flow of
electric charge

The Electric Current Defined As The Flow Of Free Electrons

Or
The Rate Of Flow Of Electric Charge
 Electric potential (V):-
 The ability of a charged body to do work is called
electric potential W
 Electric potential (V)= ;Qunit is joule/coulombs or
Volt
 Here W= work done, Q= charge

It means 10 joules of work is done to charge

+10v
a body to 1 coulomb

These two are

charged bodies

+6v It means 6 joules of work is done to charge a

body to 1 coulomb
Potential difference (V):-
 The difference in potentials of two charged
bodies is called potential difference
 Denoted by ‘V’ and unit is ‘volt’
Direction of current Direction of current

A B A B A B
+10V +6V +3V +5V +5V +5V
Current flow from A to B Current flow from B to A No Current flows

Flow Flow
from from
A to B to No
B Flow
A
Electromotive Force (E.M.F) :-

 The force that causes an electric current to flow

through an electric circuit is know as EMF
 It cant be measured but it can be calculated
 E.M.F= potential difference + voltage drop
RESISTANCE (R)
 Definition:- The property of a material which opposes the
flow of current or electrons through it
 Denoted by ‘R’
 Unit is ‘Ohm’ (Ω)

 Symbol

Flow of free electrons

collide with atoms.
During collisions the
electrons lose energy in
the form of heat.
This loss of energy per
unit charge is called
voltage drop
Types of resistors
 Laws of resistance

i. R α L (Resistance is proportional to length)

ii. R α (1/A) (Resistance is inversely proportional to
cross sectional area)
iii. Resistance depends upon the nature of the material
with which it is made
iv. Resistance depends on its operating temperature
v. Mathematical expression of R α (L/A) => R=ρ(L/A)
vi. Where ρ(Rho) is a constant and known as resistivity or
specific resistance and depends on nature of the
material
Specific resistance or Resistivity(ρ)

 Definition: The resistance between opposite

faces of a unit cube of that material
 ρ=Ra/l
 SI Unit - ‘Ohm-meter’(Ω-m)
 CONDUCTANCE (G):- The reciprocal of resistance is
known as conductance
 Denoted by ‘G’

 SI unit is ‘mho’ or Semens(S)

1 A A
 G= R = =σ
L L

1
 Where σ=  is known as specific conductance or
conductivity
 CONDUCTIVITY (σ) : The reciprocal of the resistivity (
1
) 
 Unit is mho/meter or Semens/meter
Concept of AC&D.C Current and voltage
Electricity flows in two ways

Alternating current (AC) Direct current (DC)

The electrons flow sometime in

The electrons flow steadily
forward direction and flow
sometimes in backward direction in a single direction

Sources:- Ac Sources:- Batteries, Solar Cells

And Dynamos and dc can be
generators rectified from ac source
Concept of A.C&D.C Current and voltage
Ohm’s law
 This law shows relationship of Current,
Voltage and Resistance
 This relation was discovered by George Simon

Ohm and is known as Ohm’s law

 Definition: It states that “ At constant
temperature, the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends”
IαV
I= Constant x V
I= R1 V
V
R= I
Here V= Voltage applied,
I=current flow through the
conductor
R= Resistance
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
1) It is applicable for metal conductors provided
temperature and other physical conditions remain
constant
2) It is applicable for bilateral elements
3) It is not applicable in unilateral elements. Ex.
diode, transistor, etc.
4) It is not applicable for the non-linear network.
5) It is not applicable for those resistance of the
material changes with temperature
6) it is not applicable for a gaseous conductor.
7) it is not applicable to semiconductors like
germanium and silicon
8) It is not applicable to non metallic conductors
such as silicon carbide
PROBLEMS ON OHM’S LAW
AND LAWS OF RESISTANCE
Q1. Calculate the value of current through a
resistance of 10 ohms, if it is connected across a
battery of 1.5V?
The effects of alloying on resistivity
Effect of temperature on resistance
 The effect of temperature on resistance varies according
to the type of material

Type of the material

Semi Alloys
Pure Insulators
conductor Ex. Electrolyte
metals Ex. Glass,
s Eureka, Ex. HCl,
Ex. Cu, Al paper,
Ex. Ge, Si, Manganin, H2SO4
mica
C steel
T T T T T
=> R => R => R => R => R
Positive Negative Negative Negligible Negligible
temperature temperature temperature temperature temperature
co-efficient co-efficient co-efficient co-efficient co-efficient
of resistance of resistance of resistance of resistance of resistance
 EXPRESSION FOR RESISTANCE AT ANY TEMPERATURE

Consider a conductor having

 A resistance of R at 0oC and R at toC
0 t
 The increase in resistance is ∆R=Rt-R0 , then
 ∆Rα R0 (Initial resistance)
 ∆Rα toC (The rise in temperature)
 ∆R depends on the nature of the material

 ∆Rα R t => R -R α R t
o t 0 o
 Rt-R0 = α0 R0t ......(i)
 Where α0 is a constant and known as
temperature co-efficient of resistance at to C
 From eq(i) Rt = R0+ α0 R0t
TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE
 The temperature co-efficient of resistance of a
material may be defined as the ratio of increase
in resistance per degree rise of temperature to
the original resistance
 It is denoted by ‘α’
 Its unit is ‘/oC’(Per degree centigrade)

Rt  R0  R0 0t
Rt  R0
0 
R0t
 TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT OF A RESISTANCE AT ANY TEMPERATURE

 For given conductor the temperature

co-efficient of resistance (α) is not
constant but depends on initial temperature
 If the initial temperature is 0oC,then α => α0
 If the initial temperature is to C, then α => αt

 Case(i): If the conductor is heated from point A to point B.

 Then the initial temperature is 0oC and final temperature is to C
=>Increase in temp is (t-0)=to C
Rt=R0(1+ α0t)............eq(I)
 Case(ii): If the conductor is cooling from point B to point A
 Then the initial temperature is to C and final temperature is 0oC =>
Decrease in temp is (0-t)=-to C
 R0=Rt[1+ αt(-t)]=Rt(1- αtt)
R0=Rt(1- αtt)..............eq(ii)
TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT OF A RESISTANCE AT ANY TEMPERATURE

R 0  R t (1   t t )  R t  R t  t t
R t  R 0  R t t t
Rt  R0
 t  .......... . eq ( iii )
R tt
From eq(i) and eq(iii)
R 0 (1   0 t )  R 0 R 0  R 0  0 t  R 0 R 0  0 t
 t   
R 0 (1   0 t ) t R 0 (1   0 t ) t R 0 (1   0 t ) t

Temperature co - efficient of resistance at any temperature

0
t 
(1   0t )
o
If  1  Temperatur e co - efficient at t 1 C
o
 2  Temperatur e co - efficient at t 2 C
0 0
Then  1  and  2 
(1   0 t1 ) (1   0 t 2 )
RELATION BETWEEN KNOWN RESISTANCE AND UNKNOWN
RESISTANCE INTERMS OF TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT
 Let R1is the resistance of any conductor at t1oC
 α1 is the temperature co-efficient of resistance at t1oC
 And R2 is the resistance at t2oC
 We know that Rt=R0(1+α0t)
 =>R1=R0(1+α0t1)
 =>R2=R0(1+α0t2)
R2 R 0 (1   0 t 2 ) (1   0 t 2 )
   (1   0 t 2 )( 1   0 t 1 )  1
R1 R 0 (1   0 t 1 ) (1   0 t 1 )
As per binomial theorem neglecting higher powers of  0 t1
R2
 [1   0 (t 2  t1 )]  R 2  R1 [1   0 (t 2  t1 )]
R1

R2  R1[1   1 (t 2  t1 )]
o
Here  1 is the temperatu re co - efficient of resistance at t 1 C
PROBLEMS ON TEMPERATURE CO-EFFICIENT
OF RESISTANCE
Ex.1: A copper conductor has a resistance of 3.5Ω at 40℃. Calculate
the resistance at 80 ℃. Given temperature coefficent of resistance at
0 ℃ is 0.0042/ ℃?
 Given data
◦ Resistance at 40 ℃ , R1=3.5Ω
◦ Initial temperature, t1 =40 ℃
◦ Final temperature, t2 =80 ℃
◦ Resistance at 80 ℃ , R2=?
◦ Temperature co-efficient of resistance at 0℃, α0=0.0042/ ℃
 Solution:
◦ We know that Rt=R0(1+α0t)
◦ R1=R0(1+α0t1)  3.5=R0(1+0.0042x40)---- eq(i)
◦ R2=R0(1+α0t2)  R2=R0(1+0.0042x80) -----eq(ii)
eq(ii) R R (1  0.0042x80) 1  0.336 1.336
 2  0    1.1438
eq(i ) 3.5 R 0 (1  0.0042x40) 1  0.168 1.168
R2
 1.1438  R2  1.1438  3.5  4
3.5

R2  4
Ex.2: the resistance of a conductor at 10 ℃ is 5Ω and at 100 ℃ is
12Ω. Find the resistance at 0 ℃ and also find temperature co-
efficient at 40 ℃?
 Given data
◦ Resistance at 10 ℃ , R1=5Ω
◦ Resistance at 100 ℃ , R2=12Ω
◦ Initial temperature, t1 =10 ℃
◦ Final temperature, t2 =100 ℃
◦ Temperature co-efficient of resistance at 40℃, α40=?
◦ Resistance at 0 ℃, R0=?
 Solution:
◦ We know that Rt=R0(1+α0t)
◦ R1=R0(1+α0t1)  5=R0(1+α0x10)-------- eq(i)
◦ R2=R0(1+α0t2)  12=R0(1+ α0x100) -----eq(ii)
eq(ii) 12 R 0 (1   0 x100) 1  100 0 5
   R0   4.233
eq (i ) 5 R 0 (1   0 x10) 1  10 0 1.184
12(1  10 0 )  5(1  100 0 ) 0
we know that  t 
1   0t
12  120 0  5  500 0
0
7   40 
3800  7  0   0.0184/ C 1   0 40
380
Fromequation(i) , 5  R 0 (1 0 x10) 0.0184
  40   0.0106 / C
5  R 0 (1 0.0184x10)  5  R 0 (1.184) 1  0.0184  40
Ex.3:A coil has a resistance of 18Ω when its mean temperature is 20 ℃ and
20Ω when its mean temperature is 50 ℃. Find its mean temperature rise
when its resistance is 21Ω and surrounding temperature is 15 ℃?
 Given data
◦ Resistance at 20 ℃ , R1=18Ω
◦ Resistance at 50 ℃ , R2=20Ω
◦ Resistance at t 3 ℃, R3 =21Ω
◦ Initial temperature, t1 =20 ℃
◦ Final temperature, t2 =50 ℃
◦ Surrounding temperature, ts =15 ℃
◦ Temperature co-efficient of resistance at 0℃, α0=?
◦ Temperature raise= (t3 – ts )=?
 Solution:
◦ We know that Rt=R0(1+α0t)
◦ R1=R0(1+α0t1)  18=R0(1+α0x20)-------- eq(i)
◦ R2=R0(1+α0t2)  20=R0(1+ α0x50) -------eq(ii)
◦ R3=R0(1+α0t3)  21=R0(1+ α0xt3) --------eq(iii)

eq(ii) 20 R 0 (1   0 x50) 1  50 0 2

   5000  2  0   0.004/ C
eq (i ) 18 R 0 (1   0 x20) 1  20 0 500
20(1  20 0 )  18(1  50 0 ) Put0 in equation(iii), 21 R0 (1 0.004xt3 ) - - - -eq(iv)
20  400 0  18  900 0
Ex.3:A coil has a resistance of 18Ω when its mean temperature is 20 ℃ and
20Ω when its mean temperature is 50 ℃. Find its mean temperature rise
when its resistance is 21Ω and surrounding temperature is 15 ℃?

eq(iv) 21 R 0 (1  0.004xt 3 ) 1  0.004t3 1  0.004t3

   
eq(i ) 18 R 0 (1  0.004x20) 1  0.08 1.08
211.08  18(1  0.004t3 )

22.68  18  0.072t3

4.68
0.072 t3  4.68  t 3   65 C
0.072

Temperature rise  t 3 - t s  65 - 15  50C

 Combinations of resistances

Series connection of resistance

Parallel connection of resistance

 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTANCES

According to Ohm' s law

Voltage drop across resistance R 1 , V1  IR 1 V
From equivalent circuit  RT
Voltage drop across resistance R 2 , V2  IR 2 I
Voltage drop across resistance R 3 , V3  IR 3  RT  R 1  R 2  R 3
Applied voltage V  V1  V2  V3
V  IR 1  IR 2  IR 3
If n number of resistances connectedin series then
V  I(R1  R 2  R 3 ) Total resistance RT  R1  R 2  R 3    Rn
V n
 R1  R 2  R 3 RT   Ri
I i 1
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES CIRCUITS

1. Same current flows through each resistance

2. The applied voltage is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops. i.e V=V1+V2+V3
3. The total or equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances. i.e Req or RT=R1+R2+R3+........+Rn
4. Different resistances have their individual voltage drops
5. The voltage drop across individual resistances is directly proportional
to its resistance
6. The equivalent resistance is the largest of all the individual
resistances connected in series
7. If ‘n’ resistors, each of R ohms are connected in series then RT=nR
APPLICATIONS OF SERIES CIRCUITS
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTANCES

According to Ohm' s law

Current flowing through resistance R 1 , I1 
V 1 1 1
R1 I  V(   )
R1 R 2 R 3
V
Current flowing through resistance R 2 , I 2  I 1 1 1
R2   
V
V R1 R 2 R 3
Current flowing through resistance R 3 , I 3 
R3
1 1 1 1
  
Total current I  I1  I 2  I 3 V/I R 1 R 2 R 3

V V V 1 1 1 1
I     
R1 R 2 R 3 R T R1 R 2 R 3
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTANCES

If ' n' number of resistors are connectedin parallel, If n  3

1 1 1 1 1 The total resistance ,
The total resistance,     
R T R1 R 2 R 3 Rn 1 1 1 1
1 n
1   
 RT R1 R2 R3
R T i 1 R i
1 R R  R1 R 3  R1 R 2
If n  2  2 3
RT R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 R  R1
The total resistance ,    2 R1 R 2 R 3
R T R1 R 2 R1 R2 RT 
R 2 R 3  R1 R 3  R1 R 2
R1 R2
RT 
R1  R2
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS

1. The same potential difference gets across all the resistances

in parallel
2. The total current ‘I’ is equal to the sum of the all individual
currents
3. The reciprocal of the equivalent or total resistance is equal to
the sum of the reciprocal of the individual resistances
connected in parallel
4. Different resistances draw different value of currents
5. Powers are additive
6. The equivalent resistance is less than the smallest of all the
resistances connected in parallel
7. If ‘n’ resistors, each of ‘R’ ohms are connected in parallel
then, R eq  R
n
APPLICATIONS OF SERIES CIRCUITS
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT
COMPARISION BETWEEN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. If dissimilar ends of 1. If similar ends are
resistors are connected connected together then it
together then it is is known as parallel circuit
known as series circuit 2. Unequal currents flows
through different
2. Equal currents flows resistances connected in
through each resistance parallel
3. The voltage drop across 3. The voltage drop across
each resistance each resistance is same
depends on resistance and is equal to applied
voltage
4. Total resistance is equal
4. Reciprocal of total
to the sum of the
resistance is equal to the
individual resistances sum of the reciprocal of
the individual resistance
 DIVISION OF CURRENT IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

R1R 2
Equivalentresistanceof parallelcircuit, R eq 
R1  R 2
Applied voltage,V  IReq
Voltage across resistanceR 1 , V1  I1 R1
Voltage across resistanceR 2 , V2  I 2 R2
We know that in parallel circuit, the voltage across
all the resistances is same i.e V1  V2  V
 V1  V  I1 R1  IReq R2
Current through resistance R1, I1  I 
1 R1  R2
I1   IReq
R1 R1
Current through resistance R 2, I2  I 
I R 1 R2 R1  R2
I1  
R 1 R1  R2  Current through one of the resistance
R2 opposite resistance
I1  I   Total current 
R1  R2 Sum of the two resistances
 DIVISION OF VOLTAGE IN SERIES CIRCUITS

Equivalent resistanceof series circuit, R eq  R1  R 2

V V
The total current, I  
R eq R 1  R 2
V
The voltage acorss resistor R 1 , V1  IR1  .R1
R1  R2
R1
 V1  V
R1  R 2
V
The voltageacorss resistor R 2 , V2  IR2  .R2
R1  R2

R2
 V2  V
R1  R 2

Same resistance
The voltage acorss one of the resistance  Total voltage
Sum of the two resistances
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF SERIES AND
PARALLEL CONNECTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Ex.1: Calculate the total resistance when two
resistances of 50Ω and 80Ω are connected in
series?

 Given data
◦ R1 =50Ω
◦ R2 =80Ω
 Solution:
◦ Equivalent resistance Req= R1 + R2 =50+80=130 Ω
 Ex.2:When two resistances 10Ω and 20Ω are connected in series
across a supply of 220V. Determine the current flowing in each
resistance and voltage drop across each resistance
 Given data
◦ R1 =10Ω
◦ R2 =20Ω
◦ Supply voltage V=220V
◦ Total current I=?
◦ Current through each resistance, I 1=?, I2=?
◦ Voltage drop across each resistance, V 1=?, V2=?
 Solution:
◦ Equivalent resistance Req= R1 + R2
◦ Req =10+20=30 Ω
◦ Total current I=V/ Req =220/30=7.333A
◦ In series connection the current flowing through each resistance is same
◦ I1 =I2 =I=7.333A
◦ Voltage drop across resistance R 1, V1 =IR1 =7.333x10=73.33V
◦ Voltage drop across resistance R 2, V2 =IR2 =7.333x20=146.66V
 Ex.3:The effective resistance of two resistances when connected
in series across 200V supply is 50 Ω. If the voltage drop across
one of the resistance is 80V. Find the value of two resistances?
 Given data
◦ Req =50 Ω
◦ R1 =?
◦ R2 =?
◦ Supply voltage V=220V
◦ Voltage drop across one of the resistance =80V
 Solution:
◦ Equivalent resistance Req= R1 + R2 =50 Ω
◦ Total current I=V/ Req =200/50=4A
◦ Voltage drop across resistance R1, V1 =IR1
◦ 80=4xR1 R1 =80/4=20 Ω
◦ We know that Req= R1 + R2
◦ 50=20+ R2  R2 =50-20=30 Ω
◦ R1 =20 Ω and R2 =30 Ω
Ex.4: Calculate the effective resistance, when three
resistances 20Ω, 25 Ω and 50 Ω are connected in parallel?

 Given data
◦ R1 =20Ω
◦ R2 =25Ω
◦ R3 =50Ω
◦ Effective or equivalent resistance R eq=?
 Solution: 1 1 1 1
we know that,   
Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
    0.05  0.04  0.02  0.11
Req 20 25 50
1
Req   9.0909
0.11
Ex.5:when two resistances 5 Ω and 20 Ω are connected in
parallel across 240Vsupply. Calculate total current and
current through each resistance?

 Given data
◦ R1 =5Ω
◦ R2 =20Ω
◦ Supply voltage =240V
◦ Total current, I=?
◦ Current through each resistor, I1 ,I2 =?
 Solution:
◦ Equivalent resistance Req =R1R2/(R1+R2)=(5x20)/(5+20)
◦ Req =4 Ω
◦ Total current I=V/ Req=240/4=60A
◦ Current through 5 Ω resistance, I1=V/R1 =240/5=48A
◦ Current through 20 Ω resistance, I2=V/R2 =240/20=12A
Ex.6 Calculate equivalent resistance between
terminals A and B
Ex.6 Calculate equivalent resistance between
terminals A and B
 Effects of electric current

Heating Lighting Chemical Magnetic

effect effect effect effect

Ex. Cookers, Water Ex. Incandescent Ex. Primary cells, Ex. Electric Bells, Relays,
heaters, electric lamp, Fluorescent Motors, Generators,
Secondary cells, Transformers,
fires, Irons, lamp, Neon lamp, Telephones, Car-
Furnaces, Kettles, Sodium vapour Electroplating
ignition, Lifting
Soldering iron etc lamp etc etc magnets. etc
Lighting effect
Magnetic effect