DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

FACULITY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINERING
COMMUNICATION STREAM
SEMESTER PROJECT
TITLE : Performance Analysis of Higher Order Modulation Techniques with
Turbo Coding For Long Term Evolution (LTE) System
NAME ID NO
1.EMANUEL SHIMALIS ®253/09
2.ROBEL DERIBE ®598/09
3.SADIK WERKICHO ®601/09
Advisor: Mr Molla .b(MSC)
 outlines
• Introduction
• Statement of the problem
• Objective of the project
• Significance of the project
• Methodology
• Literature review
• Overview of LTE system
• Turbo coding
• Structure of turbo encoder and decoder
• System model
• Result and discussion
• Conclusion and recommendation
• Reference
 introduction
• Can we have error free communication as much as possible.
Can we reach Shannon Limit?
• The number of smartphone users is increasing with increase
in demand for high data rate.
• To fulfill this growing data rate demand, Long Term Evolution
(LTE) is one technology option that is being widely deployed
nowadays.
 Statement of the problem
• Comparisons of modulation techniques were limited to lower-
order modulation
• need for further study to understand the performance of
MIMO-OFDM based LTE system using Turbo channel coding
and higher order modulation schemes including 16-QAM and
64-QAM is the motivation of this project.
• In LTE system more data rates are required which are only
possible to be achieved with higher order of modulation.
 objective
General objective
o The main objective of the project is to analyze the
performance of high order modulation and turbo coding for
LTE system.
specific objective
The specific objectives of the project are:
o To analyze the LTE system which bases on MIMO-OFDM.
o To analyze modulation and channel coding techniques.
o To analyze the performance of Turbo coded using higher
order modulation techniques (QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-
QAM) vs uncoded On the basis of BER vs SNR.
 Significance of the project

• Basically the significance of the project is to reduce

the error by introducing error-correction techniques,
such as turbo coding, which helps to improve the
system performance that is high performance
forward error correction at a given code rate.
 Methodology
• The techniques or methods to be used to achieve the
objectives of this project work are:
• Literature Review: this will lead to reading different books,
different IEEE articles and journals, 3GPP standardization
documents, studying MATLAB programming and so on.
• System Design: the working principle of LTE system and turbo
will be investigated which includes the flow chart of LTE system.
• Simulation: the simulation tool MATLAB will be used to
construct the computer code of the performance
measurement parameters such as BER vs SNR for different
modulation including Turbo coding.
 Literature review

• 1Nabeel.a, 2 Abdul used different specifications such as coded

and un-coded data, different coding schemes, varying the length of
inter-leaver and the effect of presence or absence of inter-leaver in
order to assess the performance of turbo code. The paper
concluded that turbo codes provide better error performance and
sufficient coding gain as compared with other schemes. The
drawback of the paper was it only considered BPSK modulation
techniques.
• Swati.s and Harjit On their paper Comparison between BPSK,
QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM was analyzed using AWGN in terms of
BER vs SNR. Based on their results LTE should be implemented with
BER reduction techniques such as turbo coding so that higher data
rate can be achieved with lessor bit error rate.
 Over view of LTE system

• Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless communication

standard developed by 3GPP.
• LTE is global, open, interoperable standard for wireless high
speed data.
• LTE standard is developed to
o increase downlink and uplink peak data rate
o satisfy demand for scalable bandwidth
o improve spectral efficiency continually
o design the network in all ip structure
o implement the standard based interface
 LTE enabling technology

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)
• A channel with multiple antennas at the transmitter and
multiple antennas at the receiver is called as MIMO system.
• The key advantages of MIMO system are:
o increase reliability obtained through diversity and
o higher data rate obtained through spatial multiplexing.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
• LTE downlink transmission is based on Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex (OFDM).
 Conti…
• The basic principle of OFDM is to implement multi carrier
transmission by dividing the signal with long duration time.
• Two main methods of OFDM in LTE are frequency and time
division based duplex arrangement.
Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
• Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a frequency division
multiple access scheme.
• The main task of this scheme is to assign communication
recourses to multiple users.
• 3GPP prescribes OFDMA for downlink transmission and SC-
FDMA for uplink transmission in the long term evolution (LTE).
 Modulation techniques used in LTE
• In this scenario LTE uses three Modulation techniques namely:
o QPSK
o 16QAM and
o 64-QAM.
Why channel coding
• Channel coding is often used in digital communication
systems to protect the digital information from noise and
interference and to reduce the number of bit errors.
• Channel coding is mostly accomplished by selectively
introducing redundant bits into the transmitted information
stream.
 Channel Coding in LTE
Turbo Coding
• turbo code is Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes
(PCCC).
• Turbo codes have an astonishing performance of bit error rate
(BER) at relatively low Eb/N0.
• Produce high weight code words.
• The popularity of Turbo codes is due to their ability to
approach the Shannon limit of Eb/No = -1.6 dB in AWGN,
where reliable communications can be attained.
 Conti …

• Near Shannon Limit Error-Correcting Coding : Turbo

codes’
• Provided virtually error free communication at data
date/power efficiencies beyond most expert though.
• 0.5 dB from Shannon limit at Pe 10-6
• Recursive Systematic
o Based on pseudo random
o Works better for high rates or high level of noise
o Return to zero sequences
 Structure of Turbo Coding
Turbo Encoder
 Turbo encoder consists of two usually identical simple
encoders which are parallel or serially connected to each
other via internal inter leavers and puncturing block.
 Inter leaver makes input bits to encoder 2 look “different” to
input of encoder 1.
 Puncturing and multiplexing achieves required combined
rate.
 The encoders are recursive and systematic.
 Inter leaver shuffles the input sequence, uk, in such a way
that it produces a high weight.
Conti…

Turbo encoder
 Turbo decoder
 The Turbo decoder is typically one of the major blocks in a
LTE wireless receiver.
 In the receiver, the turbo decoder inverts the operations
performed by the turbo encoder.
 turbo decoding is an iterative operation.
 Conti…
• The performance of turbo codes is influenced by four main
factors:
 the number of decoding iterations
 component code decoding algorithms
 inter leaver design and type: random, nonrandom
 Puncturing Pattern.
System model
How Do they Work (© IEEE spectrum)
How Do they Work (© IEEE spectrum)
Results and Discussions
 Conti…
• Figure 4.1 shows the BER vs SNR for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-
QAM over an AWGN channel.
• we realize that Of all the digital modulation techniques
discussed it can be analyzed that higher order 64-QAM can
transmit more data but are less reliable due to its high error
rate when compared to 16-QAM and QPSK.
• However, it is possible to reduce the error by introducing
error-correction techniques, such as turbo coding, which
helps to improve the system performance.
Conti…
 Conti…
• We observe that from the above graph as the
number of iteration increase the performance
of turbo code also increase that means BER is
reduced.
 conclusion
• In this project, a comparison between the results
obtained by simulating the LTE system without any
channel coding subsystem and with the 1/3 Turbo
channel coding has been established.
• We concluded that higher order 64-QAM can
transmit more data but are less reliable due to its
high error rate when compared to 16-QAM and
QPSK.
• As the number of iteration increase the performance
of turbo code also increases.
 Conti…
• Turbo codes achieved the theoretical limits
with small gap.
• Give rise to new codes : Low Density Parity
Check (LDPC).
• Need
– Improvements in decoding delay
 Recommendation and Future Works
we would recommend for further work to be made in
the future on
 Throughput vs Bandwidth analysis,
 the effect of multipath fading channel (Rayleigh and
Rican fading channels) to be considered,
 the effect of implementing several turbo decoding
algorithm on the performance of the whole system.
 reference
[1] Christoph C., “An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-
Advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile Communications”,
John Wiley and Sons Press, New York, 2012
[2] Mojaiana Synthia, Md. Shipon Ali, “Performance
Study of Turbo Code with Interleaver Design”,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
Volume 2, Issue 7, July-2011, page 1
[3] Nabeel Arshad, Abdul Basit, “Implementation and
Analysis of Turbo Codes Using MATLAB”, Journal of Expert
Systems, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013,ISSN 2163-3064,page 115