Industrial Pollution Control
Industrial Pollution Control
Industrial Pollution Control
CONTROL
Wastewater comes mainly from two major sources:
as human sewage
process waste from manufacturing industries.
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Wastewater Contaminants
Suspended solids
Priority pollutants: metalloids and metals , benzene compounds, and
chlorinated compounds, aromatic, aliphatic compounds
Microorganisms: pathogenic and nonpathogenic
Organics: refractory and biodegradable
Nutrients:
◦ Phosphorus
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Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
Metal grating
◦- Large debris
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Biological treatment
◦ activated sludge
◦ trickling filter
◦ oxidation ponds
A disinfection step is usually included at the end of the
biological treatment
◦ chlorination
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Tertiary treatment
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Physicochemical process
◦ Coagulation
◦ Filtration
◦ Adsorption of organics
◦ Disinfection
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Biological Treatment
Itsimply involves confining naturally
occurring bacteria.
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The control of the treatment process is
very complex -large number of variables
that can affect it.
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The nature and composition of wastewater
Domestic waste:
The bulk of the organic matter is easily
biodegradable, consisting of proteins,
amino acids, peptides, carbohydrate, fats
and fatty acids.
The average carbon to nitrogen to
phosphorus ratio (or C : N : P ratio) is
variously stated as approx 100: 17 : 5 or
100 : 19 : 6.
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Industrial wastewaters:
variable in composition.
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Degradable and non-degradable carbon
Monitored using 3 techniques:
i. Total organic carbon
ii. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
iii. Chemical oxygen Demand
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The values obtained for BOD are always lower
than those for COD, for 2 reasons:
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Theratio of BOD/COD will depend on the
composition of the wastewater.
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This is because the readily biodegradable
organic carbon has been removed during
treatment, leaving behind the compounds
that are not readily broken down by the
bacteria – ‘hard’ BOD.
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The bacteria in a wastewater treatment
plant comprise both heterotrophs and
autotrophs.
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The autotrophs take inorganic chemicals, and
use these in the synthesis of organic
compounds.
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Metabolism of bacteria
Metabolism comprises the thousands of
simultaneous chemical reactions that are
going on at any one time inside the
bacterium. In each of these reactions, a
substrate, in the presence of an enzyme
(which acts as an catalyst), is converted
into a product.
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Catabolism or Energy Production:
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Anabolism
This is a series of biosynthetic reactions in
which small molecules are joined together
to form large molecular weight
macromolecules.
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Major processes in a bacterium
Three major processes that are relevant
to the biological treatment of waste.
These are:
• Ingestion
• Respiration
• Growth and division
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Ingestion
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Toxic chemicals can inhibit either the Respiration metabolic pathway or the Growth
metabolic pathway. In both cases the influx of organic carbon into the bacterium,
which corresponds to the rate of biodegradation in the aeration tank, is inhibited
as a result.
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Respiration
Chain of metabolic reactions: substrate molecule
is oxidised, and the energy made available to do
work inside the cell.
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During respiration, the energy is initially
captured by the molecule adenosine
diphosphate (ADP).
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So when glucose is metabolised the
overall reaction is:
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This is not a perfectly efficient energy
capture mechanism, and some of the
energy is lost as heat.
The ATP then moves to another site within
the cell and releases the energy to do
work.
At the same time the phosphate group is
released, regenerating ADP again. So
overall, we have:
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The rate-limiting step is in fact the
requirement for energy.
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There are a number of factors that affect
the performance of biological treatment
system. These include:
temperature
return rates
amount of oxygen available
amount of organic matter available
pH
waste rates
aeration time
wastewater toxicity