TOPIC – AIR POLLUTION

NAME – KANCHAN VIJAY WAGHADE

ROLL NO. – BE20S02F010
BRANCH - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
YEAR -= SECOND YEAR ( 2020-2021)
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
Normal components of our atmosphere
Classification air pollution
Outdoor air pollution
Indoor air pollution
Sources of air pollution
Major air pollutants
Effect of air pollution
Control of air pollution
INTRODUCTION
• Air pollution can be traced away back to period of Hippocrates , about
400 BC . He has mention about air pollution . Use of coal. As the
domestic energy producer , made the air pollution more pronounced.
• 1273, King Edward I , made the first anti-pollution act to restrict
people from using coal for the domestic purpose. Industrial revolution
made the air pollution a series problem in the European countries.
• In 1952, London was acted by smog , which resulted in the deaths of
the human and other living brings the tole of death was more than
4000.
• Alter the development of railway and road transport in 20 th century
problem of air pollution become more serious .
• Use of petrol and diesel in the transport system , has created the air
pollution a serious problem in India also in the 3 rd world country .
AIR-POLLUTION
Definition:
Air pollution can be define as, “presence /addition of
any contaminated to the air which causes harm to the
health of living organism
NORMAL COMPONENTS OF OUR ATMOSPHERE

Nitrogen- 78.1%
Oxygen- 20.9%
Carbon dioxide – 0.03%
Everything else- 0.07%
•Noble gases( krypton, xenon, argon, helium)
•Methane
•Sulfur dioxide
 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR
POLLUTION :
Primary pollutants

These include those substances, which are emitted directly from some
identifiable sources. This include –
Sulphur compounds: produced by the oxidation of fuel.
Carbon compounds : oxides of carbon (co+) and hydrocarbons.
Nitrogen compounds:
Halogen compounds: hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrochloric acid (HCL).
Particles of different size and substances: these are found suspended in air.
The fine particles below the diameter of 100u are more abundant and include
particles of metals, carbon, tar, pollen, fungi, bacteria, silicates and others.
Secondary pollutants

The secondary pollutants are produced by the combination of

primary emitted pollutants . In the atmosphere . In bright sunlight,
a photochemical reaction occurs between nitrogen oxides, oxygen
and waste hydrocarbons from gasoline that from peroxyacetyle
nitrate (PAN) and (o3) .
e.g. smog, acid rain, ozone
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
SMOG

Smog is a type of large scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by

chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different
sources.
Cities are offend centers of these types of activities.
The fog deposited with smoke and chemical fumes a dark and
thick covering , the smog.
Smog is very common in almost all the industrial areas as the
smog is trapped for many days by the stagnant air. It is harmful
both foe animals and plants
.
ACID RAINS

•Ti is caused when a pollutant combines with droplets of

water in the air.
•The effects of rain on the environment can be very serious.
•Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams.
•It contributes to the damage of trees and many sensitive
forest soils.
•It accelerates the decay of building materials and paints,
including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures
that are part of our nations cultural heritage.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
•It generally comes from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the
atmosphere.
•Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned.
•In this type of pollution sun rays go into the atmosphere and they
are trapped by greenhouse gasses. So the temperature on the earth
raise.
HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER
•It is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our
activities affect the stratosphere.
•Releases of cfc from heating, aerosol cans, refrigerator
equipments remove some of the ozone, causing “HOLES”.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
•It is more dangers than outdoor pollution, because we do
everything's in closed environments where air circulation may be
restricted.
•There are many sources of indoor air pollution- smoke. Cooking
and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Varies sources of air pollution are as follows –
•Burning fossil fuels – burning of wood, charcoal and other fossil fuels causes air pollution by the release of carbon
dioxide () , carbon Sulphur dioxide etc. petroleum consists mainly of hydrocarbons, Sulphur and nitrogen.
•Emission from automobiles – vehicles are mainly responsible for more than 80% of total air pollution. The major
pollutants released from automobiles, locomotives, aircraft etc., include co, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxide.
•Industries – paper and pulp factories, petroleum refineries, fertilizer plants, and steel industries, thermal power
plants are the main sources of air pollution. They add various harmful gases like co, so3, no, hydrocarbons etc., to
the atmosphere. Textile factories release cotton dust into the air. Cities experiencing this type of pollution are
Kanpur, sutra and Ahmadabad. The pesticide and insecticide industries are posing serious threat to the environment.
Food processing industries and tanneries emit offensive odors. Release of poisonous gases from accidents also poses
serious threats. E.g. Bhopal gas tragedy in which methyl isocyanate (mic0 gas leakage killed several people. In
Tokyo, about 34 tones of carbon particles mixed with other suspended particles settle per square kilometer every
day.
•Agricultural activities – spraying of insecticides and weedicides also cause air pollution. These, when inhaled create
severe problems to both animals and human beings .
•Wars- varies forms of explosives used in war pollute the air by releasing poisonous gases. This greatly disturbs the
ecology of the area. Nuclear explosions pollute air by radioactive rays. The effect of nuclear explosions on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are well known examples.
•Natural causes- gas emission from active volcanoes, marsh gas, spores of fungi and pollens are the natural causes of
air pollution.
 MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS:

• Carbon compounded:CO2 is releases by compliant combustion of fossil fuel and CO, a very
toxic gas is release by automobile exhausts .
• Sulphur compounds: through the thermal power plant , using coal and from the oil refineries ,
SO2 , H2S , H2SO4 are release .
• Nitrogen oxide: these oxide like NO , NO2, HNO3 release by automobile , power plants and
inductees .
• Ozone: the two cooling inductees the CFC is release which as affected the O3 in the atmosphere.
• Fluorides : the are products by the industrial and insecticide spree .
• Hydrocarbon :they are release by the automobile e.g.. benzene, benzopyrene , etc.
• Metals: the metals such as lead , nickel ,tin ,beryllium , titanium are present in the form of solid
practical's produce by metallurgical.
• Photochemical products: the produces such as PAN, PB2N are the photochemical smog produce
by automobile
• particulate matter: the suspended particulate matter is release into the air by the stone crushing
inductees and dust and the ash from the thermal power plants.
• Biological particulate: they are mainly the bacterial cell ,fungal spores and pollens .
 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION:
The air pollution effect on the human
health-

• Irritation of the eyes , throat and nose

• Irritation of respiratory system.
• Respiratory damage through tobacco smoke
• Convulsions, delirium , coma due to lead poisoning
• Segregate smoking cause cardiovascular dieses due to cadmium
parachutes
• Radio active dust cause genetic effect on the next generation .
• The mecrouy from combination of fossil fuel effect the nervous, brain
and kidney.
The Air pollution effect
on the plants :
• the rise in ozone cause nicrosis i.e. damage the leaves.
• The rise in NO2 cause Abscission i.e. premature fall of
leaves .this result in reduction in the crope production.
• The rise in SO2 causes chlorosis i.e. yellowing of the leaves
• So the air pollution has qualitative and quantitative effect of
plants.
Air pollution effect on the
animals
When the animals during grazing consume the particulate coated plants mainly
with forian ,lead , arsenic the get affect , resulting into illnase or possing even
death. the pets also suffer duct to lung desires.
When animals are filled with oil cakes or grass , the remains of
intestines/predicates settled on vegetation , harm the digestive system very
severaly.
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON NON-
LIVING :

Effects on material :
through abrasion and corrosion the material gets affected. the
damages are caused to the material expose to the air pollution
are as follows-
1. The acid gases loke O3, CO2, NO2 affected the strength of the
textile.
2. SO2 and acid gases affect the quantity of paper and leather .
3. The paints get de-colored by SO2 and S2S .
Effect on the climate-

1. Due to cutting of the natural vegetation the carbon cycle has been
broken i.e. the CO2 generated from the earth through burring
activities use to be consumed by the plants
2. To keep the balance about 33% of the total geographical area must be
under forest cover . So the % of carbon dioxide is increase
3. CO2 is heavy gas and has the capacity to absorb the heat . Rise is
CO2 has cause the gobble warning.
4. The release of CFC gases , have made an impact on ozone air due to
the ozone depletion rays the ozone super , which has the capacity to
trap UV rays .
5. The balance of the atmosphere has change and has created the health
problem to the living being
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

following measures have been suggested to control air pollution-

Some gases, which are more soluble in a particular liquid than air, for example,
ammonia in water, can be separated by dissolving in it.
Particles larger than 50 mm are separated in gravity settling tanks, using cyclone
collectors or electrostatic precipitators separates fine particles.
The height of chimneys should be increased to the highest possible level to reduce
pollution at the ground level.
So2 pollution can be controlled by extracting Sulphur from the fuel before use.
Pollution control laws should be enforced strictly.
Trees should be planted on the roadside, riverbanks, parks and open places as they
keep the environment fresh.
Population growth, which is the main cause of pollution should be checked.
Nuclear explosions should be restricted.
Thank you