The document discusses hypothesis testing. It defines hypothesis testing as methods used to determine if sample values are statistically significant or not. It explains that hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, collecting sample data, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis based on where the test statistic falls relative to the rejection region. It provides examples of hypothesis testing and discusses types of errors, power, parametric vs nonparametric tests, and different tests for continuous and categorical data.
The document discusses hypothesis testing. It defines hypothesis testing as methods used to determine if sample values are statistically significant or not. It explains that hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, collecting sample data, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis based on where the test statistic falls relative to the rejection region. It provides examples of hypothesis testing and discusses types of errors, power, parametric vs nonparametric tests, and different tests for continuous and categorical data.
The document discusses hypothesis testing. It defines hypothesis testing as methods used to determine if sample values are statistically significant or not. It explains that hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, collecting sample data, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis based on where the test statistic falls relative to the rejection region. It provides examples of hypothesis testing and discusses types of errors, power, parametric vs nonparametric tests, and different tests for continuous and categorical data.
The document discusses hypothesis testing. It defines hypothesis testing as methods used to determine if sample values are statistically significant or not. It explains that hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, collecting sample data, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis based on where the test statistic falls relative to the rejection region. It provides examples of hypothesis testing and discusses types of errors, power, parametric vs nonparametric tests, and different tests for continuous and categorical data.
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
COURSE LECTURER: Prof. Dr. İlker ETİKAN
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSTATISTICS FACULTY OF MEDICINE NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 2
Hypothesis tests are the
methods used to test whether the obtained values are statistically significant or not significant. PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 3
Hypothesis Testing • Allows us to use sample data to test a claim about a population, such as testing whether a population proportion or population mean equals some number • If the hypothesis is stated in terms of population parameters (such as mean and variance), the hypothesis is called statistical hypothesis. • Data from a sample (which may be an experiment) are used to test the validity of the hypothesis. • A procedure that enables us to agree (or disagree) with the statistical hypothesis is called a test of the hypothesis PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 4
Hypothesis Testing • Hypothesis testing is the procedure by which we infer if two (or more) groups are different from each other • The first step is to write the statistical hypotheses which are expressed in precise mathematical terms • The statistical hypotheses always come in pairs -- the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 5
• Test statistic - Quantity based on sample data and null
hypothesis used to test between null and alternative hypotheses
• Rejection region - Values of the test statistic for which
we reject the null in favor of the alternative hypothesis PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 6
Examples • To determine whether the wages of male nurses and female nurses are equal.
• To investigate if medical device in the market is of
standard quality.
• Whether a particular medicine is effective to cure a
disease. PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 7
H0: The Null Hypothesis
• The hypothesis actually to be tested is usually given the symbol and is commonly referred as the null hypothesis. • The null hypothesis usually takes the following form: H0: m1 = m2 Or
H0: m1 < m2 or
H0 : m1 > m2
• Notice that the null hypothesis always deals with population
parameters and not the sample statistics
• Statistical tests are designed to reject H 0, never to accept it
PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 8
H1: The Alternative Hypothesis
• The other hypothesis, which is assumed to be true
when null hypothesis is false, is referred as the alternate hypothesis and is often symbolized by
• The alternative hypothesis usually takes this form:
H1: m1≠m2 • This is read as: “The alternative hypothesis states that the mean of condition one does not equal the mean of condition two”
• As is true for the null, the alternative hypothesis
deals with the population parameter and not the sample statistic PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 9
H0 and H1 • Together, the null and alternative hypotheses must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive • Mutual exclusion implies that H0 and H1 cannot both be true at the same time • Exhaustive implies that each of the possible outcomes of the experiment must make either H0 or H1 true PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 10 PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 11
Hypothesis Testing Errors
• Type 1 Errors -Rejecting H0 when it is actually true -Concluding a difference when one does not actually exist • Type 2 Errors -Accepting H0 when it is actually false (e.g. previous slide) -Concluding no difference when one does exist
Errors can occur due to biased/inadequate sampling, poor
experimental design or the use of inappropriate/non- parametric tests. PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 12
A hypothesis can be specified as one-way or two-way.
One way hypothesis: Because we predict that when H_0 is rejected, μ may can be less than 100.
H0 : µ=100
H1 : µ<100
Two way hypothesis: Because we predict that if H_0 gets rejected, and as the μis not equal to 100 we predict that it could be higher or lower that 100.
• The power of a hypothesis test is defined is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the treatment does have an effect. • The power of a test depends on a variety of factors including the size of the treatment effect and the size of the sample. PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 15
Testing Statistical Hypotheses - steps
• State the null and alternative hypotheses • Identify the sampling distribution of the statistic (e.g., normal distribution, t-test etc.) • Find rejection region of sampling distribution –that place which is not likely if null is true • Collect sample data. Find whether statistic falls inside or outside the rejection region. If statistic falls in the rejection region, result is said to be statistically significant. PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 16
Sample size In the materiality tests the size of the sample is an important indication:
Because;
1.As the number of subjects in groups’ increases, the
strength and reliability of the test used increases.
2. In the selection of the test to be used.
PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 17
HYPOTHESIS TESTS AND THEIR
PROPERTIES
The materiality tests are divided into two main
groups:
1. Parametric tests
2. Nonparametric tests PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 18
1.Parametric tests
•Will have normal distribution
•Assumptions will be homogeneous
•Test subjects randomly selected from the environment
•Test subjects will be selected independently from each
other PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 19
2.Nonparametric tests
•Often no normal distribution is sought
•Test subjects randomly selected from the
environment
•Test subjects will be selected independently
from each other PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 20
DATA
CONTINUOUS CATEGORICAL ONE SAMPLE ONE TWO TWO SAMPLE SAMPLE SAMPLE
>2 >2 SAMPLE SAMPLE PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 21
CONTINUOUS
ONE SAMPLE TWO SAMPLES >2 SAMPLES
Independent Paired Independent Paired
One Sample Student’s Paired Samples One Way Repeated
t Test t Test t Test Analysis Measures Of Variance ANOVA
Kruskal Wallis Mann Whitney Wilcoxon Signed Friedman Analysis of Sign Test U Test Rank Test Test Variance
Parametric Nonparametric PROF.DR. İLKER ETİKAN 22
CATEGORICAL
ONE SAMPLE TWO SAMPLES >2 SAMPLES
Independent Paired Independent
One sample difference of proportions test 2 x 2 Chi Square Test Mc Nemar N x M Chi One Sample Square Test Test Chi Square Fisher’s Test Exact Test
