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Building Construction II: Wood Frame and Light RC Construction
Building Construction II: Wood Frame and Light RC Construction
CONSTRUCTION
II
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD
FRAMING
Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle
Eased Edge
Wood Frame & Light RC Dap
Construction
2.0
Wood Frame & Light RC 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends
Construction
2.0
and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates
Types of Wood Framing called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined.
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent
Timber Connectors buckling.
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Scabs or Fish Plates
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware
Windows & Window
Hardware Scab – A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.
Miscellaneous Fishplate – A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when
combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.
This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required
length and putting the halved sections together.
The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are
heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are
chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include
structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast
Wood Frame & Light RC
stone.
Construction
2.0
Wood Frame & Light RC Floor Joist – One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced
2.0
Construction concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in
Types of Wood Framing
turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is
Systems vertically oriented.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls Common Joist, Bridging Joist – A joist on which floor boards are laid;
CHB Wall Construction neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing Binding Joist, binder – A beam which supports the common joists of a
Posts
Wood Floor Framing wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical
2.9
System & Floor Finishes posts.
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & Girder – A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber;
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Bridging – A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen
Windows & Accessories them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.
Skylights
Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting – Diagonal
bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from
twisting.
A. Wood Flooring
Wood Boards – Lumber less than 2” (5 cm) thick and between 4” (10 cm) to
12” (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The
various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are:
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
Shiplap siding – wood sheathing whose
edges are rabbeted to make an
overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut,
rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings.
SHIPLAP SIDING
Rustic siding – also called “drop
siding” or “novelty siding”; an exterior
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0 wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips
of other material such as aluminum or
Types of Wood Framing
Systems
vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or
Joints & Splicing rabbeted and overlapped so that the
Timber Connectors lower edge of each board interlocks with
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction a groove in the board immediately below DROP SIDING
On Grade Construction it.
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing VERTICAL BOARD SIDING
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
MATCHED BOARDS – boards that
Wood Roof Framing interlap or interlock and have flush, v-
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
sgroove, or beaded joints.
Doors & Accessories MATCHED SIDINGS
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
T&G siding – “Tongue and
groove” boards, also called
“dressed and matched” boards
and are boards or lumber that
has been planed smooth; cut so
that a tongue along one edge fits T&G
Types of Wood Framing Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding – visible equal sized
Systems
Joints & Splicing board and batten.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing BOARD SIDINGS BATTEN BATTEN ON A
BOARD AND BOARD
System & Roofing BOARD
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0
The term roof means the top covering of a building including all materials
and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on
uprights; provides protection from the weather. Some important roof terms
Wood Frame & Light RC
are:
2.0
Construction
Ridge – is the horizontal line of Dormers –are projecting structures
Types of Wood Framing intersection at the top between two built out from a sloping roof and
Systems
sloping planes of a roof. housing a vertical window or
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors ventilating louver.
Masonry Walls Hip – is the inclined projecting
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction angle formed by the junction of two Rake – is the inclined usually
Concrete Piers on Isolated adjacent sloping sides of a roof. projecting edge of a sloping roof.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Valley – is an intersection of two Shed – is a roof having a single
System & Floor Finishes slope
Wall Framing System & inclined roof surfaces toward which
Wall Finishes rainwater flows.
Ceiling Framing System & Eave – is the overhanging lower
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Gable – is the triangular portion of edge of a roof.
System & Roofing
2.12
Wood Stairs
wall enclosing the end of a pitched
Doors & Accessories roof from ridge to eaves. Soffit – is the underside of an
Windows & Accessories overhanging roof eave.
Skylights
RIDGE
DORMERS
HIP
GABLE
RAKE
a roof.
Wood Frame & Light RC COMMON RAFTERS
Construction
2.0
Collar Ties – unite two opposing COLLAR TIES
Hip Rafter – form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.
Jack Rafter – is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope,
as one meeting a hip or a valley.
Hip Jack Rafter – is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter.
Valley Jack – extend from a valley rafter to a ridge.
Wood Frame & Light RC
2.0
Valley Rafter – connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
Construction
Chord – A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the
other, primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0 members. The two types of chord members are the upper or top chord
and the lower or bottom chord.
Types of Wood Framing
Systems
Joints & Splicing Web – In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords.
Timber Connectors There are two types of web members: the vertical web members and
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction the diagonal web members.
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing King post – A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined
Posts rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes post is a king post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to
Wall Framing System & support the feet of struts.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes Collar beam – A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
2.12 opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the
Wood Stairs rafters.
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
Panel Length
Peak
Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The thicknesses are
measured in terms of “gauge” from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most
commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m,
with length ranging from 1.50 m to 3.60 m.
Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for roofing,
Wood Frame & Light RC
2.0 gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and straps for
Construction
riveting.
Types of Wood Framing
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
2.12
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0
Wood Frame & Light RC Roofing tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an
2.0
Construction underlayment of 30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units are used at
Types of Wood Framing ridges, hips, rakes and eaves.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors KINDS OF ROOF CLAY TILES
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated Plain Tile or Flat Tile - Plain tiles are always 265 x
Footing
Posts 165mm in overall size and require 60 tiles per
Wood Floor Framing square meter. They are sometimes referred to as
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System & "double lapped" or "double lap" tiles - a reference to
Wall Finishes the fact that when they are laid on the roof, at all
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes critical points there must be a double overlap (three
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
layers of tile) to prevent the ingress of water. There
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
are two types of plain tiles as follows:
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
Overlapping - tiles which overlap
the next tile in the same
course but which fit together
without interlocking bars
simply by overlapping
1. Choose the preferred riser height. The riser height is proportional to the
tread width in the order of the formula T + R = 45 cm (18 in); where T is
tread width and R is riser height. Preferred riser height is between 15 cm
(6”) to 18 cm (7”).
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0
2. Determine the total rise of the stairwell in meters. Divide this number by
Types of Wood Framing
Systems
the preferred height of the riser. If the result is a fraction, convert to a
Joints & Splicing whole number to give you the exact number of steps.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction 3. Divide the total stair rise with the number of steps. This will give you the
On Grade Construction actual dimension of the step rise, in whole number or in fraction.
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts 4. Determine the tread width by subtracting the step rise from 45 cm. If a
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes fraction, convert to a whole number.
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
5. Multiply the number of steps with the tread width in order to get the total
Ceiling Finishes stairway run. Check whether this will fit the dimensions in plan.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13 Riser – The vertical face of a stair step.
Tread –The horizontal surface of a stair step; often has a rounded edge that extends beyond the upright face of the riser below
Doors & Accessories it.
Windows & Accessories Rise - The height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Skylights Run -In stairways , the horizontal distance covered by a flight of steps.
2.13.2 PARTS OF THE STAIRS
Header – a short transverse joist that support the end of the cut-off joist at a
stairwell hole.
Trimmer – is a supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.
Swinging Doors - For exterior and interior use. Normally turns on hinges
about a side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from
head jamb and threshold
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.14.4 SLIDING DOORS – may be bypass, surface or pocket sliding
2.0
Construction doors. Panels may be of wood, metal or polystyrene and have flush,
Types of Wood Framing panel or louver designs.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories 2.14
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
2.14.5 HOLLOW STEEL DOORS AND STEEL DOOR
FRAMES
1.Steel Door Designs –
• Flush door
• Glass door
• Flush door
• Vision door
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0 • Narrow light door
• Full-louvered door
Types of Wood Framing
Systems • Vision/louvered door
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories 2.14
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
2. Steel Door Finishes
Wrap-Around Installation
Window Frame
Wood Frame & Light RC • Window Frame – the fixed, non-operable border of a window
2.0
Construction designed to receive and hold the sash or casement and all
Types of Wood Framing necessary hardware.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
• Head – the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
• Jamb – is either of the two side members of a window
Concrete Piers on Isolated frame.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing • Sill – is the horizontal member beneath a door or window
System & Floor Finishes opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed rainwater.
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & • Sub sill – is an additional sill fitted to a window frame to
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing cause rainwater to drip farther away from a wall surface.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15 Sash – Any framework of a window; may be movable or fixed; may slide in a vertical plane (as in a double-hung window) or
Skylights may be pivoted (as in a casement window); a pivoted sash also is called a ventilator.
WINDOW FRAME ROUGH OPENING
CASING TRIM
HEAD
WINDOWSILL
Casing Trim – refers to the finishing
trim work around a window opening,
consisting of head and jamb
casings, window sills and aprons.
APRON
Glazier’s point – are metal points that hold a glass pane in a sash until the
Wood Frame & Light RC face putty has hardened.
2.0
Construction Putty – is a compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough like consistency
Types of Wood Framing
when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects.
Systems Face putty – is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a
Joints & Splicing glass pane.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Glazing compound – is an adhesive compound used as putty, formulated so
CHB Wall Construction as not to become brittle with age.
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated FACE PUTTY
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes METAL GLAZIER’S POINT
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing BEDDING OF PUTTY or GLAZING
COMPOUND
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15
Skylights Glazing – 1. Setting glass in an opening. 2. The glass surface of a glazed opening.
2. Wet Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing
tape or a liquid sealant. Lights more than 6 sqft. (0.56 sq.m.) in area, must
be wet- or dry-glazed.
Glazing tape – is a preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber, such as butyl or
polyisobutylene, having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a
watertight seal between glass and frame.
Cap bead or sealant – is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the
Wood Frame & Light RC
2.0 joint between a glass pane or unit and a window frame, curing to form a watertight
Construction
seal.
Types of Wood Framing
Systems Glazing bead or stop – is the wood molding or metal section secured against the
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors edge of a glass pane or unit to hold it in place. CAP BEAD or SEALANT
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Heel bead – is an adhesive liquid
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
of synthetic rubber injected
Footing between a glass pane or unit and a
Posts glazing bead, curing to form an GLAZING BEAD
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
airtight seal.
Wall Framing System & GLAZING TAPE
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & HEEL BEAD
Ceiling Finishes
SETTING BLOCK
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs WEEP HOLE
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15
Skylights
3. Dry Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with a compression
gasket instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant.
COMPRESSION
Types of Wood Framing GASKETS
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & WEEP HOLE
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15
Skylights
4. Structural Gasket Glazing – Structural gaskets are preformed of
synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure a glass pane
or unit in a window frame or opening. The gaskets are held in
compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the
gasket. They require smooth contact surfaces and a frame or
opening with exacting dimensional tolerances and true plane
alignment. The glass must be supported on at least two sides by the
frame or a supported gasket.
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0
United inches – is the sum of one length and one width of a rectangular glass pane or
Wood Frame & Light RC unit measured in inches.
Construction
2.0
END