Lesson 1 - Computer System

Computer Hardware
Lesson 1: Understanding Computer Systems
Marvin De Leon
Topics

History of computer and the information technology Computer and its components The Internet and Network
Understanding Computer System
Learning Objects

After completing this lesson that student will be able to :

Distinguish the parts of a computer and its function. Understand why computer is part of our daily lives . Interpret how computer operates. Classify the different period of the history of computer.

Introduction to computers
Computers are considered one of the most important conventions of the 20th century. Their widespread use affects us individually and as a society.

Brief History of Computer

Computers history is divided into four periods:

Pre-mechanical 3000 B.C. 1450 A.D. Mechanical 1440-1840 Electromechanical Electronic

This four period is the mark where computer began.
Pre-mechanical period

Writing and Alphabets Communication

3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised cuniform. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; And the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.

Pre-mechanical period (cont.)

Paper and Pens Input Technologies

Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant around 100 A.D., The Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.


Books and Libraries Permanent Storage Devices

Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" The Egyptians kept scrolls. Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. In this time the very first system of storing data was developed.


The First Numbering Systems

The Egyptian developed a number system: the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. Later, the first calculator which was the very first information processors was developed and named it as Abacus.
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Abacus
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Mechanical period

The significant discovery and invention in the mechanical period:

The First Information Explosion The first general purpose "Computers" Babbage Engines Punch Card

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Mechanical period (cont.)

The First Information Explosion

Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany) invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. This process is normally used in printing press. Later, the development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers are all incorporated to his invention.

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The First General Purpose Computers

Actually people who held the job title "Computer are the one who works with numbers. Some of the invention this time as the first computer was:

the Slide Rules, by William Oughtred, (considered as the first analog computer) the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.
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Early computer
Slide Rule
Liebniz Machine
was invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz a German mathematician and philosopher. He called his invention stepped reckoner
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Early computer (cont.)
Blaise Pascal Invented the Pascaline .the first mechanical computing machine modern version of Abacus
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The Babbage Engine

All of the basic principles of the modern digital computer input and output devices, storage and arithmetic units, and the sequencing of instructions were conceived by in the 1820s by Charles Babbage, an English Mathematician. He completed a small computer, called a Difference Engine in 1822.

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Early Babbage engine
A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine

Analytical Engine
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The Punch Card

Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Joseph Marie Jacquards Loom that uses Punch Card to program the machine to do the calculation. He introduced the binary logic which is a fixed program that would operate in real time.

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Punch Card
Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards
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Electro-Mechanical period

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. The beginnings of telecommunication started in this period when the invention of a voltaic battery that marked the electric age.
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Electro-Mechanical period (cont.)

Later, telegraph follow by Samuel Morse who formulated the Morse code which uses dots and dashes. The invention of Telephone and radio was the milestone of Telecommunication where Alexander Graham Bell contributed greatly. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated, which led to the invention of Radio by Guglielmo Marconi.
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Modern Punch Card

Late in the 19th century Herman Hollerith, an American, developed the modern punched card. Hollerith devised the 12-row code, used in the 1890 census.
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Electro-Mechanical period (cont.)

The first large digital computer an electrical device using relays for switching was the Mark 1 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, installed at Harvard University in 1943. It was developed by Howard Aiken, an American, with support of International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation.
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MARK1
The Harvard Mark I: an electromechanical computer
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Electronic period (cont.)

The next step was the replacement of the relatively slow relay with a faster switch the electronic vacuum tubes. The first computer to employ this device was ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator), developed by J. Prosper Eckert and John W. Mauchly during WWII and put into operation in 1946.
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The concept of the stored program was developed in the late 1940s and first put into use in 1948. Earlier computers had to be programmed step by step by inserting and removing circuit boards. A pioneer in this field was John Von Neumann, an American mathematician.
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Electron vacuum tubes computers had several disadvantages tubes generated large amounts of heat, were bulky, and required power-supply units. Also, the tubes even though they could switch on or off in a millionth of a second were too slow for many potential applications.
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ENIAC by J, Prosper Eckert and John Mauchly

EDVAC modern version of ENIAC

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The transistor, invented in 1948, made possible smaller and faster computers called second-generation computers. The next step was the development of even smaller circuits, resulting in the introduction of the third-generation computers about 1963. In this period, the first general purpose computer for commercial use UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was launch. Continued improvements in techniques in placing more and more circuits on a single chip resulted in reductions in both the size and cost of computers through the 1960s and 1970s Minicomputers came on the market around 1967 and the even smaller microcomputer became practical about 1971.
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What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that Receives data (input) Processes the data it receives Stores the data in memory or on some storage device, such as a disk or CD Outputs information on a device, such as a monitor or printer
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What is a Computer?

How is a computer defined? Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
Accepts data Raw facts, figures, and symbols
Processes data into information Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful
Produces and stores results

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What is a Computer?

A computer follows a simple cycle called information processing cycle:

Input Process Output Storage Communication

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The Processing Cycle

Once it receives a set of data, the computer processes it and produces a result at the end of the cycle.
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COMPUTER is an electronic calculating machine capable of solving problems and manipulating data that has been accepted and then processed by doing some mathematical and logical operations and provide a meaningful result or output.
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Characteristics of Computer

It It It It It It
is a machine is electronic is automatic can manipulate data has memory has logic function
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Capabilities of Computer

Speed Repetitiveness Accuracy Logical Operations Store and Recall Information Self Checking Self Operating
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Limitation of Computer

The computer cannot generate information on its own. A computer cannot correct wrong instructions A computer cannot come out with an original decision.
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Are computers intelligent?

As complex as some computers may be, they all essentially perform two operations: Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division Logical operations, such as comparing two values and taking some action based on the result of the comparison
Greater than, less than, or equal to
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What Makes a Computer So Powerful?

Although computers perform only basic operations, they Perform those functions very quickly Produce accurate and reliable results Store large amounts of data Provide versatility through various applications Share resources with other computers Are becoming more powerful and easier to use
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Advantage of Computer
Speed
Reliability
Consistency
Storage
Communications
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Disadvantage of Computer
Violation Of Privacy Health Risks Impact on Labor Force Impact on Environment
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Component of a Computer System

A computer system includes hardware, software, data, information, and people. Hardware: The machine including the wires, transistors, and so on. Software: Instructions or programs that control the computer. Data & Information: Text, numbers, sound, images, video. People: Users of the computer. Procedures: instruction follow by the computer.
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A Computer System
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Hardware

Input Output Data Storage and Media Processing Devices
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Hardware: Input Devices

These are physical equipment, which read or translate data consisting of alphabets, numbers, or other symbols into electronic impulses, which can be understood by the computer. The purpose of input devices is to pass information into the memory unit of the CPU and convert the characters into binary patterns, which can be held inside the computers memory.
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Examples of Input Devices
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Hardware: Output Devices

Are the physical equipment, which translates the outcome of the computation and related activities carried out in the CPU so that humans can understand the information produced by the computer.
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Example of Output Devices
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Hardware: Data Storage and Media

These are physical equipment, which serve as the storage of data and or information. Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage media Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored Storage device Records and Retrieves Items to and from storage media
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Hardware: Data Storage and Media (cont.)

Floppy disk: A typical 5-inch floppy disk can hold 360K or 1.2MB (megabytes). 3-inch floppies normally store 720K, 1.2MB or 1.44MB (MegaBytes) of data. Hard disk: Hard disks can store anywhere from 20MB to more than 100GB (GigaBytes) or even 100TB (TeraBytes). Hard disks are also from 10 to 100 times faster than floppy disks. Removable cartridge/drive: Removable cartridges are hard disks encased in a metal or plastic cartridge, so you can remove them just like a floppy disk. Removable cartridges are very fast, though usually not as fast as fixed hard disks.
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Hardware: Processing Devices

These are internal devices/electronic devices which process the data and produce an output. The computer system includes not only the computer, but also any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. Every computer system, for example, requires an operating system. It have several functional elements, these are Input Command, CPU, and Output Command.
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Input Command

An instruction to a computer or device to perform a specific task. Commands come in different forms. They can be:

special words (keywords) that a program understands. function keys choices in a menu buttons or other graphical objects on your screen
Every program that interacts with people responds to a specific set of commands. The set of commands and the syntax for entering them is called the user interface and varies from one program to another.
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Input Command (cont.)

The operating system makes a distinction between internal and external commands. Internal commands are commands, such as COPY and DIR that can be handled by the COMMAND.COM program. External commands include the names of all other COM files, as well as EXE and BAT files. Another word for command is directive.
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Central Processing Unit

All operations performed by the computer system are controlled by the physical device called the central processing unit. It is the brains of the computer system. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.
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Components of a CPU

Control Unit it acts as a supervisor that controls and supervises the operation in the CPU. Arithmetic Logic Unit it performs the mathematical and logical operations of the computer system. Memory Unit it is the storage device of the computer. Data are stored electronically for future use.
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Control Unit

The control unit directs the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic logic unit and main memory. The control unit uses the instruction contained in the Instruction Register to decide which circuits need to be activated. The control unit co-ordinates the activities of the other two units as well as all peripheral and auxiliary storage devices linked to the computer. The control unit instructs the arithmetic logic unit which arithmetic operations or logical operation is to be performed. The control unit is literally in control.
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Arithmetic Logic Unit

The arithmetic logic unit executes arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations compare numbers, letters and special characters. The arithmetic logic unit performs logic functions such as AND, OR and NOT. Comparison operations test for three conditions: equal-to condition in which two values are the same less-than condition in which one value is smaller than the other greater-than condition in which one value is larger than the other Relational operations (=, <, >) are used to describe the comparison operations used by the arithmetic logic unit.
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Arithmetic Logic Unit (cont.)

The accumulator is used to accumulate results.

It is the place where the answers from many operations are stored temporarily before being put out to the computer's memory.
The general-purpose registers hold data on which operations are to be performed by the arithmetic logic unit.
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Memory Unit

The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing. Although it is closely associated with the CPU, in actual fact it is separate from it. Memory associated with the CPU is also called primary storage, primary memory, main storage, internal storage and main memory. When we load software from a floppy disk, hard disk or CD-ROM, it is stored in the Main Memory.
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Memory Unit (cont.)

There are two types of computer memory inside the computer,

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

This is really the main store and is the place where the programs and software we load gets stored. When the Central Processing Unit runs a program, it fetches the program instructions from the RAM and carries them out. If the Central Processing Unit needs to store the results of calculations it can store them in RAM. Random Access Memory can have instructions READ from it by the CPU and also it can have numbers or other computer data WRITTEN to it by the CPU. The more RAM in your computer, the larger the programs you can run. When we switch a computer off, whatever is stored in the RAM gets erased. The following is a photo of a common RAM chip.
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ROM (Read Only Memory)

The CPU can only fetch or read instructions from Read Only Memory (or ROM). ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside and these instructions cannot be over-written by the computer's CPU. ROM memory is used for storing special sets of instructions which the computer needs when it starts up. When we switch the computer off, the contents of the ROM does not become erased but remains stored permanently. Therefore it is non-volatile. The following is a diagram showing the relationship between the Central Processing Unit and the Main Memory (RAM and ROM).
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CPU to Memory
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Output Command

Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. Output devices include display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.

For example, display screens output images, printers output print, and loudspeakers output sounds.
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Software

It refers to the instructions or programs that tell the computer to do a specific task.
System Software Applications Software

Consists of a series of instructions That tells the computer what to do

Also called a program
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Software: System

These are programs, which control and assist in the computer operation. Systems software consists of low-level programs that interact with the computer at a very basic level. This includes operating systems, compilers, and utilities for managing computer resources. Example are: Windows, MS DOS, Linux/Unix, MAC OS
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Software: System (cont.)

Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that coordinates all activities among Utility Programs allow computer hardware the user to perform devices and allows maintenance-type tasks users to run usually related to application software managing a computer, its devices or its programs
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Software: Application

These are program, which provide a solution to a specific operation or application. It caters the need of the users. Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs. Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers.
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Software: Application (cont.)
Word Processing Database
Spreadsheet Presentation Graphics
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People (Users)

Represent the personnel involves in system analysis, programming, computer operation, system maintenance, and the like. It consists of people who use computers. (e.g. programmer, encoder, data entry).
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Data & Information

Data are facts which are processed to produce information. Data are process using these four processing function.

Input (recording, validating, communicating) Process (classifying, sorting, summarizing, calculating) Output (reporting, communicating) Storage (storing, retrieving)
Information data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for the user or human to interpret or understand.
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Procedures

Step-by-step instruction to be follow by a computer to produce an output. Rules and policies that govern the operations of a organization. These procedures are written in a language that a computer can understand or interpret, which are called programs. Examples are: Users manual, System documentation, Policies, Disclaimer
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Categories of Computers
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Game Consoles Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers
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Personal Computers
PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)
desktop computer
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Mobile Computers and Devices: Laptop and Notebook

Resembles a lettersized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes
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Mobile Computers and Devices: Tablet PC and Handheld computer

Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes
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Mobile Computers and Devices: Smart Phones and PDA

Small enough to carry in a pocket Internet-enabled telephone is a smart telephone

A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities
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Game Consoles
Mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games
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What is a Server

A server manages the resources on a network Clients access the resources on the server
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Types of Server

Server: controls access to network resources and provides centralized storage Mainframe: Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers Supercomputer: The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations
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Electronic Communication

Electronic communication is the technology that allows computers to talk to each other and to other devices.
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Electronic Communication (cont.)

The four components of electronic communication are Sender: The computer sending a message Receiver: The computer receiving the message Channel: The media that carries the message Protocol: The rules that govern the processing of a message between computers
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Electronic Communication (cont.)

Computer A sends a message to Computer B.
The message travels via the channel, following the rules defined by the protocol being used so that each computer can understand the message.
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Network System

A network consists of multiple computers connected to each other to share data and resources. Data and software programs usually are stored on a central computer called a server. When network computers are located in the same general area, such as the same building or a department, it is called a local area network.
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Network System (cont.)

Used to share Collection of computers and devices connected together Resources Hardware Software devices programs Saves time and money Data Information
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A Typical Layout of a Network

In a typical network layout, the client or user computers are connected to a hub, which also is connected to the server. Hub
Data and programs are stored on the server. All clients can access data and programs through the server and can access the printer attached to the server. Client or user computers
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Types of Network
This is a network that may be set up for employees of a business or students at a university that is not accessible to users outside of those institutions. Extranet: This typically is an intranet that allows certain users, such as suppliers or customers, to access the internal network.
Intranet:
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What is Internet

Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
The Internet evolved from a government research project that enabled the military and scientists around the world to share information. Today, it is the largest network in the world. Millions of people use it daily. It is a critical and valuable business tool used by businesses of all sizes.
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What is the Web?

You can share information by A Web site is a collection of creating Web pages A podcast is related Web or posting photos on recorded audio stored on a a photo sharing pages Web site community A Web page that can be A blog consists contains downloaded of timetext, graphics, stamped articles audio, video, and In a journal links to other format Web pages
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Technology for Everyday Life

Examples of the ways in which our lives are affected by computers daily:

Communication Electronic security systems Games Government research operations Computerized appliances Information Shopping Banking and Investing Classes Entertainment Download Music Share Information
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Computers in Our Future

Computers of the future will be Less expensive More powerful More people will work from home. Wireless devices will be commonplace.
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Computer Hardware

Lesson 1: Understanding Computer Systems

Understanding Computer System

After completing this lesson that student will be able to :

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

Brief History of Computer

Computers history is divided into four periods:

This four period is the mark where computer began.

Understanding Computer System

Writing and Alphabets Communication

Understanding Computer System

Pre-mechanical period (cont.)

Paper and Pens Input Technologies

Understanding Computer System

Pre-mechanical period (cont.)

Books and Libraries Permanent Storage Devices

Understanding Computer System

Pre-mechanical period (cont.)

The First Numbering Systems

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

The significant discovery and invention in the mechanical period:

Understanding Computer System

Mechanical period (cont.)

The First Information Explosion

Understanding Computer System

Mechanical period (cont.)

The First General Purpose Computers

Understanding Computer System

Early computer (cont.)

Mechanical period (cont.)

The Babbage Engine

Understanding Computer System

Early Babbage engine

A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine

Mechanical period (cont.)

The Punch Card

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

Electro-Mechanical period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

Modern Punch Card

Understanding Computer System

Electro-Mechanical period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

Electronic period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

Electronic period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

Electronic period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

ENIAC by J, Prosper Eckert and John Mauchly

EDVAC modern version of ENIAC

Electronic period (cont.)

Understanding Computer System

Understanding Computer System

Produces and stores results